**       LIBRARY 

OF    TIIK 

UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA 

Received 

Accessions  No.  *3  ^& 3-  «T~     Shelf  No. 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


ON  THE 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  EFFECTS  OF  SEVERE  AND  PROTRACTED 


MUSCULAR  EXERCISE; 


WITH    SPECIAL 


REFERENCE    TO    ITS  INFLUENCE    UPON  THE 
EXCRETION   OF  NITROGEN. 


7ERS1T 


AUSTIN  FLINT,  JB.,  M.  D., 

PROFESSOR  OF  PHYSIOLOGY  IN  THE    BBLLEVUE    HOSPITAL  MEDICAL  COLLEGE, 
NEW  YORK,  ETC.,  ETC. 


{REPRINTED  FROM   THE  NEW   YORK  MEDICAL   JOURNAL,  JUNE,   1871.] 


NEW    YOEK: 
D.    APPLETON    &    COMPANY, 

549    &    551    BROADWAY. 
1871. 


MX 


-iBRARY 


2J" 


ON  THE 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  EFFECTS  OF   SEVERE  AND 
PEOTRACTED  MUSCULAR  EXERCISE. 


The  Cfiemical  Analyses  were  made  under  the  direction  of  R.  0. 
DOREMUS,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology  in  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  etc.,  etc.,  by  Mr.  OSCAR  LOEW,  Assistant  to  Prof. 
Dorernus. 

The  Observations  were  made  with  the  cooperation  of  J.  C.  D  ALTON, 
M.  D.,  Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons; 
and  ALEXANDER  B.  MOTT,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Surgical  Anatomy ;  W.  H. 
VAN  BUREN,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Principles  of  Surgery,  etc. ;  AUSTIN 
FLINT,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  ;  "W.  A. 
HAMMOND,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and  Nervous  System 
— all  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College. 


PAKT    I. 

Ix  May,  1870,  I  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  en- 
tire urine  passed  by  Mr.  Edward  Payson  Weston,  the  cele- 
brated pedestrian,  during  the  time  occupied  in  accomplishing 
the  extraordinary  feat  of  walking  one  hundred  miles  in  twenty- 
one  hours  and  thirty-nine  minutes.  The  urine  on  that  occasion 
was  accidentally  passed  into  a  single  vessel,  and  had  been  un- 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

disturbed  until  it  came  into  my  possession.  I  had  no  means 
of  obtaining  any  reliable  scientific  information  with  regard  to 
the  amount  and  character  of  the  food  taken  during  that  time, 
nor  had  I  obtained,  for  purposes  of  comparison,  a  specimen  of 
the  urine  passed  on  the  day  before  this  remarkable  muscular  ef- 
fort. It  was  several  weeks,  indeed,  before  I  could  get  the  urine 
of  twenty-four  hours  of  comparative  repose ;  which  I  was  forced 
to  take  as  representing  about  the  normal  excretion.  I  simply 
took  the  material  for  scientific  analysis  as  I  could  best  obtain 
it,  and  published  the  results,  with  a  statement  of  the  facts,  not 
at  that  time  entertaining  any  definite  hope  of  being  able  to 
repeat  the  investigations  under  more  favorable  conditions.  I 
was,  of  course,  well  aware  of  the  necessity  of  carefully  esti- 
mating certain  elements  of  the  food,  and  of  connecting  the 
elimination  of  effete  matters,  particularly  those  containing  ni- 
trogen, with  the  matters  ingested.  Had  I  been  sure  of  an  op- 
portunity of  studying  the  effects  upon  excretion  of  excessive 
and  prolonged  muscular  exertion,  such  as  has  since  presented 
itself,  my  first  experiments,  of  the  unavoidable  defects  of  which 
no  one  could  be  more  sensible  than  myself,  would  never  have 
been  published.  My  first  observations  have  been  excluded  in 
the  present  inquiry,  on  account  of  the  imperfect  data  on  which 
they  were  based ;  but  I  may  anticipate  my  conclusions  from 
these  more  complete  experiments  enough  to  state  that  the  re- 
sults have  been  essentially  the  same  as  those  first  obtained. 

In  the  summer  of  1870,  Mr.  Weston  proposed  to  make  an 
attempt  to  walk  four  hundred  miles  in  five  consecutive  days, 
and,  upon  one  of  those  days,  to  walk  one  hundred  and  twelve 
miles  in  twenty-four  consecutive  hours.  He  kindly  offered  to 
submit  himself  to  any  scientific  observations  that  I  might  wish  to 
undertake  in  connection  with  this  effort.  It  is  hardly  necessary 
to  say  that  this  offer  was  gladly  accepted  ;  and  I  regarded  it  as 
a  sacred  duty  to  use  every  endeavor  to  make  this  occasion  to  the 
fullest  extent  iiseful  to  physiological  science.  The  investigations 
to  be  made  seemed  to  me  of  such  importance,  particularly  in 
the  present  unsettled  state  of  physiological  opinion  upon  certain 
points  connected  with  nutrition  and  disassimilation,  that  I 
asked  the  aid  of  certain  of  my  friends,  well  known  for  their 


DELATIONS  OF  UKEA  TO  EXERCISE.         0 

scientific  attainments,  in  projecting  and  carrying  out  a  series 
of  experiments  which  should  be  as  complete  as  possible. 

The  following  gentlemen  consented  to  lend  to  the  proposed 
work  the  advantage  of  their  scientific  experience  and  judg- 
ment :  Dr.  R.  Ogden  Doremus,  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  and  the  College  of  the  City 
of  New  York ;  Dr.  J.  C.  Dalton,  Professor  of  Physiology  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  and  Dr.  "W.  H.  Van 
Buren,  Professor  of  the  Principles  of  Surgery,  etc.  ;  Dr.  Aus- 
tin Flint,  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine ; 
Dr.  W.  A.  Hammond,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Mind  and 
Nervous  System ;  and  Dr.  Alexander  B.  Mott,  Professor  of 
Surgical  Anatomy — all  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege. Prof.  Hammond,  among  his  earliest  contributions  to 
science,  made  observations  on  the  influence  of  exercise  upon 
the  elimination  of  urea,  which  have  been  fully  confirmed  by 
our  researches  in  the  present  instance.1 

At  a  meeting  held  some  weeks  before  the  walk,  a  definite 
plan  of  investigations  was  agreed  upon.  Prof.  Doremus  as- 
sumed the  responsibility  of  all  of  the  necessary  chemical 
analyses,  and  I  proposed  to  take  charge  myself  of  the  remain- 
ing scientific  work,  and  to  superintend  the  records  of  diet,  etc. 
The  plan  of  operations  agreed  upon  will  be  fully  detailed 
further  on,  as  an  introduction  to  an  account  of  our  observa- 
tions ;  but  this  may  be  anticipated  at  the  outset  by  a  few  gen- 
eral statements. 

It  was  proposed  to  make  our  observations  for  three  distinct 
periods,  viz. ;  first  period,  five  days  before  the  walk ;  second 
period,  the  five  days  of  the  walk  ;  third  period,  five  days  after 
the  walk.  For  the  fifteen  days  during  which  Mr.  Weston  was 
to  be  under  observation,  it  was  proposed  to  have  a  trusty  as- 
sistant with  him  every  instant,  day  and  night,  who  was  to 
weigh  his  food  and  drink  and  make  notes  under  the  direction 
of  one  of  our  number.  This  was  done  by  Mr.  Thomas  C.  Dore- 
mus, Jr.,  who  performed  his  arduous  task  in  the  most  faithful  and 
accurate  manner.  The  urine  and  faeces  were  sent  to  the  labora- 

1  HAMMOND,  Th.e  Relations  existing  between  Urea  and  Uric  Acid. 
— Physiological  Memoirs,  Philadelphia,  1863,  p.  9 ;  from  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  the  Medical  Sciences,  January,  1855. 


6  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

torj  of  Prof.  Doremus,  where  they  were  analyzed  under  his 
direction  by  his  able  assistant,  Mr.  Oscar  Loew.  The  results 
show  the  value  of  the  immense  amount  of  labor  bestowed  by 
Mr.  Loew  upon  these  analyses ;  a  labor  undertaken  and  carried 
out  wTith  a  scientific  enthusiasm  which  has  added  much  to  the 
value  of  our  results.  The  necessary  analyses  of  food  w~ere  also 
made  by  Mr.  Loew. 

The  material  thus  collected,  with  a  complete  record  of  the 
walk,  finally  passed  into  my  hands  for  classification  and  analy- 
sis. Before  a  word  of  this  report  was  written,  the  tables  of 
food,  composition  of  urine,  faeces,  etc.,  were  calculated.  This 
alone  has  been  a  labor  of  several  weeks,  and  no  pains  has  been 
spared  to  secure  entire  accuracy.  The  numerical  calculations 
were  all  made  by  two  or  more  different  methods,  so  that  it  has 
seemed  almost  impossible  that  any  error  of  importance  should 
have  been  overlooked.  Taking,  as  I  have,  the  bare  records 
and  analyses  made  by  Mr.  Doremus  and  Mr.  Loew,  with  entire 
ignorance  of  their  probable  results,  the  calculations  proceeded 
steadily  to  their  mathematical  conclusions,  which  were  only 
apparent  at  their  actual  completion. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  paper,  I  have  attempted  to  pre- 
sent the  scientific  data  in  such  a  form  as  to  be  easily  available 
as  ascertained  facts,  to  any  who  may  not  admit  the  interpre- 
tation I  have  put  upon  them. 

It  may  serve  to  make  the  bearing  of  our  observations  more 
easily  comprehended  to  give  a  succinct  statement  of  the  gen- 
erally-received physiological  views  regarding  certain  of  the 
points  involved.  In  this  I  do  not  propose  to  analyze  the  lite- 
rature of  the  subject,  even  for  the  past  few  years ;  and  I  de- 
sire especially  to  avoid  controversial  discussion.  I  do  not 
intend  to  criticise  the  experiments  of  others  or  to  point  out 
their  defects,  except  in  so  far  as  these  defects  may  seem  to  be 
supplied  by  my  more  extended  opportunities  for  investigations 
in  particular  directions. 

Views  of  Physiologists  with  regard  to  the  Influence  of  Ex- 
ercise, Diet,  etc.,  upon  the  Elimination  of  Nitrogenized 
Excrementitious  Matters,  chiefly  Urea. 
Following  the  brilliant  researches  of  Lavoisier  upon  the 

chemical    phenomena  of  respiration  and    their  relations  to 


RELATIONS    OP    UKEA   TO    EXERCISE.  7 

animal  heat,  the  theories  of  Liebig,  who  divided  the  food  into 
two  classes,  plastic  and  calorific,  were  almost  universally 
adopted  by  physiologists.  Liebig  advanced  the  view  that 
those  articles  of  food  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxy- 
gen, were  chiefly,  if  not  entirely,  useful  in  maintaining  the 
animal  temperature,  by  entering  into  combination  with  the 
oxygen  of  the  inspired  air,  producing  carbonic  acid,  water,  and 
heat.  He  regarded  the  elements  of  food  composed  of  carbon, 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen,  as  concerned  chiefly,  if  not 
entirely,  in  repairing  the  waste  of  the  nitrogenized  portions 
of  the  living  body,  particularly  the  muscular  tissue.  Apply- 
ing these  views  to  muscular  action,  Liebig  assumed  that  exer- 
cise was  always  attended  with  an  increased  activity  in  the  de- 
structive metamorphosis  of  the  nitrogenized  substance  of  the 
muscular  tissue ;  and  that  this  could  be  measured  by  the 
amount  of  urea  excreted.  The  following  quotation  from  one 
of  his  earlier  works  embraces  the  whole  question  : 

"  Boiled  and  roasted  flesh  is  converted  at  once  into  blood  ; 
while  the  uric  acid  and  urea  are  derived  from  the  metamor- 
phosed tissues.  The  quantity  of  these  products  increases  with 
the  rapidity  of  transformation  in  a  given  time,  bat  bears  no 
proportion  to  the  amount  of  food  taken  in  the  same  period.  In 
a  starving  man.  who  is  any  way  compelled  to  undergo  severe 
and  continued  exertion,  mors  urea  is  secreted  than  in  the  most 
highly-fed  individual  if  in  a  state  of  rest." J 

Again,  Liebig  makes  the  general  statement  that  u  the 
amount  of  tissue  metamorphosis  in  a  given  time  may  be  meas- 
ured by  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine."  a 

For  many  years,  this  view  of  the  source  of  the  nitrogenized 
excrementitious  principles  and  the  laws  which  regulate  the  ac- 
tivity of  their  production  was  received  by  physiologists  almost 
without  question.  It  was  modified,  however,  a  few  years  later, 
by  the  researches  of  Lehmann,  who  showed  by  a  large  number 
of  observations  on  his  own  person  that,  other  conditions  being 
equal,  the  character  and  quantity  of  food  modified  very  greatly 

1  LIEBIG,   Animal    Chemistry,   or    Chemistry  in  its  Applications  to 
Physiology  and  Pathology,  London,  1843,  p.  138. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  245. 


8  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

the  elimination  of  urea,  as  is  seen  by  the  following  quota- 
tion: 

"  My  experiments  show  that  the  amount  of  urea  which  is 
excreted  is  extremely  dependent  on  the  nature  of  the  food 
which  has  been  previously  taken.  On  a  purely  animal  diet,  or 
on  food  very  rich  in  nitrogen,  there  were  often  two-fifths  more 
urea  excreted  than  on  a  mixed  diet ;  while,  on  a  mixed  diet, 
there  was  almost  one-third  more  than  on  a  purely  vegetable 
diet ;  while,  finally,  on  a  non-nitrogenous  diet,  the  amount  of 
urea  was  less  than  half  the  quantity  excreted  during  an  or- 
dinary mixed  diet."  l  Lehmann  further  states,  however,  that, 
upon  a  uniform  diet,  the  elimination  of  urea  is  increased  by 
muscular  exercise. 

The  views  of  Liebig,  modified  by  the  researches  of  Leh- 
mann, were  pretty  generally  accepted,  up  to  1866 ;  notwith- 
standing that  BischofF  had  advanced  experiments  to  prove 
that  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  by  the  kidneys  was  regulated 
almost  entirely  by  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  ingesta.2 

In  1866,  Fick  and  Wislicenus  published  an  account  of  ex- 
periments made  in  ascending  one  of  the  Alpine  peaks,  the 
Faulhorn,  about  6,500  feet  high.  These  experiments  were  un- 
dertaken with  the  view  of  showing  that  severe  and  prolonged 
muscular  effort  could  be  accomplished  upon  a  non-nitrogenous 
diet.  The  two  experimenters  took  no  albuminoid  food  from 
mid-day  on  August  29th  until  seven  p.  M.  of  August  30th. 
The  experiments  proper  began  on  the  evening  of  the  29th,  at  a 
quarter-past  six  p.  M.,  by  a  complete  evacuation  of  the  bladder. 
The  urine  from  this  time  till  ten  minutes  past  five  on  the 
morning  of  the  30th  (about  eleven  hours)  was  collected,  and 
called  the  "  night-urine."  The  ascent  began  at  ten  minutes 
past  five  and  occupied  eight  hours  and  ten  minutes.  The 
urine  passed  during  this  period  was  collected  as  "  work-urine." 
The  urine  for  five  hours  and  forty  minutes  after  the  ascent  was 

1  LEIIMANX,   Physiological    Chemistry,   Philadelphia,   1855,  vol.  i.,  p. 
150. 

2  BiscnoFF,  Der  Harnstoff  als  Maas  des  Stoffwechsels,  Giessen,  1853. 
In  1860,  these  researches  were  considerably  extended  by  Bischoff  and  Voit. 
BISCHOFF  UNO  VOIT,  Die  Gesetze  der  Ernahrung  des  Fleischfressers,  Leip- 
zig und  Heidelberg,  18P.O. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

collected  as  "  after-work  urine."  The  urine  from  seven  p.  M., 
August  30th,  till  half-past  five  A.  M.,  August  31st,  was  collected 
and  designated  as  "  night-urine."  The  results  of  the  examina- 
tions of  these  specimens  in  the  two  persons  were  nearly  iden- 
tical. The  following  is  the  estimate  of  the  elimination  of 
nitrogen  per  hour  during  the  different  periods  : 1 

Fick.  Wislicenus. 

During  the  night,  29th  to  30th 0.63  grammes.  0.61  grammes. 

During  the  time  of  work 0.41  "  0.39         " 

During  rest  after  work 0.40  "  0.40         " 

During  the  night,  30th  to  31st 0.45  "  0.51         " 

From  these  results,  Fick  and  Wislicenus  conclude  that  mus- 
cular exercise  does  not  necessarily  increase  the  elimination  of 
nitrogen ;  that  the  substance  of  the  muscle  itself  is  consumed 
in  insignificant  quantity ;  and  that  the  muscular  system  is  a 
machine,  consuming,  in  its  work,  not  its  own  substance,  but 
fuel,  which  is  supplied  by  the  food.  The  most  efficient  fuel  Fick 
and  Wislicenus  consider  to  be  non-nitrogenized  food  ;  the  re- 
sults of  its  consumption  being  force,  or  work,  heat  and  carbonic 
acid.  They  adopt  the  view  "  that  the  substances,  by  the  burn- 
ing of  which  force  is  generated  in  the  muscles,  are  not  the  al- 
buminous constituents  of  the  tissues,  but  non-nitrogenous  sub- 
stances, either  as  fats  or  hydrates  of  carbon." 

"  We  might  express  this  doctrine  by  the  following  simile : 
A  bundle  of  muscle-fibres  is  a  .kind  of  machine  consisting  of 
albuminous  material,  just  as  a  steam-engine  is  made  of  steel, 
iron,  brass,  etc.  Now,  as  in  the  steam-engine  coal  is  burnt  in 
order  to  produce  force,  so,  in  the  muscular  machine,  fats  or 
hydrates  of  carbon  are  burnt  for  the  same  purpose.  And  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  constructive  material  of  the  steam-engine 
(iron,  etc.)  is  worn  away  and  oxidized,  the  constructive  mate- 
rial of  the  muscle  is  worn  away,  and  this  wearing  away  is  the 
source  of  the  nitrogenous  constituents  of  the  urine.  This 
theory  explains  why,  during  muscular  exertion,  the  excretion 
of  the  nitrogenous  constituents  of  the  urine  is  little  or  not  all 
increased,  while  that  of  the  carbonic  acid  is  enormously  aug- 

1  TICK  AND  WISLICENUS,  On  the  Origin  of  Muscular  Power. — London, 
Edinburgh  and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine,  London,  January-June, 
1866,  vol.  xxxi.,  p.  492. 


10         RELATIONS  OF  UKEA  TO  EXERCISE. 

mented  ;  for,  in  a  steam-engine,  moderately  fired  and  ready  for 
use,  the  oxidation  of  iron,  etc.,  would  go  on  tolerably  equably, 
and  would  not  be  much  increased  by  the  more  rapid  firing 
necessary  for  working,  but  much  more  coal  would  be  burnt 
when  it  was  at  work  than  when  it  wras  standing  idle." 1 

I  have  made  the  above  quotations  from  the  paper  of  Fick  and 
Wislicenus,  for  the  reason  that  the  theories  therein  advanced 
and  the  experiments  reported  have  changed  very  materially 
the  current  of  physiological  opinion  with  regard  to  the  origin 
of  muscular  force  and  the  significance  of  the  elimination  of 
nitrogen.  The  question  is  not  materially  modified  or  ad- 
vanced by  the  papers  of  Frankland  2  or  of  Haughton,3  who  sus- 
tain fully  the  views  of  Fick  and  Wislicenus,  which  are  now 
adopted  very  largely,  particularly  in  Germany  and  England. 

The  opposite  view,  that  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  is  to  a 
great  extent  a  measure  of  the  waste  of  the  nitrogenized  ele- 
ments of  the  tissues,  and  that  this  is  increased  by  exercise,  is 
substantially  the  one  advanced  by  Liebig.  Almost  all  ob- 
servers who  have  experimented  upon  the  influence  of  exercise 
upon  the  elimination  of  urea,  under  an  ordinary  diet,  have 
found  its  excretion  markedly  increased.  Among  the  earliest  of 
these  are  the  observations  of  Hammond,  to  which  reference 
has  already  been  made.  In  1867,  experiments  were  made  by 
Parkes  upon  two  soldiers,  with  the  view  of  controlling  the 
experiments  of  Fick  and  Wislicenus  by  observations  upon  a 
more  extended  scale.4  These  experiments  failed  to  confirm 
those  of  Fick  and  Wislicenus.  They  were  continued  for  a 
period  of  eighteen  days,  and  certainly  seemed  to  show  an 
increase  in  the  urea,  attributable  to  muscular  exercise.  The 
extraordinary  exercise  taken  was  a  walk  of  23.70  miles  on  one 

1  Loc.  cit.,  p.  501. 

2  FKANKLAND,  On  the  Origin  of  Muscular  Power. — London,  Edinburgh 
and  Dublin  Philosophical  Magazine,  London,  July — December,  1866,  vol. 
xxxii.,  p.  182,  et  seq. 

3  HAUGIITOX,  Address  on  the  Relation  of  Food  to  Work  done  ly  the 
Body,  and  its  Bearing  upon  Medical  Practice. — The  Lancet,  London, 
August  15,  August  22,  and  August  29,  1868. 

4  PAKKES,  On  the  Elimination  of  Nitrogen  ~by  the  Kidneys  and  Intes- 
tines, during  Rest  and  Exercise,  on  a  Diet  without  Nitrogen. — Proceed- 
ings of  the  Royal  Society,  London,  1867,  vol.  xv.,  No.  89,  p.  339,  et  seq. 


EELATIONS    OF    UEEA    TO    EXEECISE.  11 

day,  and  32.78  miles  on  the  day  following.  During  these  two 
days,  on  an  exclusively  non-nitrogenized  diet,  the  elimination 
of  nitrogen  was  slightly  increased  over  a  period  of  two  days 
of  rest  and  non-nitrogenized  diet.  In  an  analysis  of  a  recent 
course  of  lectures  delivered  by  Dr.  Parkes,  at  the  College  of 
Physicians,  London,  it  appears  that  he  is  disposed  to  take  a 
view  of  the  subject  between  the  two  extremes,  viz. ;  that  the 
muscular  system  is  able  to  accomplish  work  by  the  consump- 
tion of  non-nitrogenous  food ;  that  exercise  does,  however, 
slightly  increase  the  elimination  of  urea,  and  that  during  exer- 
cise a  small  portion  of  the  muscular  substance  is  consumed ; 
but  he  holds  that  the  variations  in  the  quantity  of  nitrogen 
eliminated  are  almost  entirely  dependent  upon  the  amount 
of  nitrogen  contained  in  the  food.1 

One  desirous  of  consulting  further  the  literature  of  this 
interesting  question  will  find,  in  a  recent  article  by  Liebig,  a 
full  discussion  of  the  subject  of  the  source  of  muscular  power 
from  his  own  point  of  view.2  He  analyzes  very  fully  the  ex- 
periments of  Parkes,  and  finds  in  the  results  fresh  testimony 
in  favor  of  his  view,  that  the  increase  in  the  elimination  of 
nitrogen  as  a  consequence  of  muscular  exercise  is  not  limited 
to  the  period  of  exertion,  but  continues  for  some  time  after. 
On  the  other  hand,  Voit  has  lately  published  a  most  elaborate 
paper  reviewing  the  publications  on  this  question  that  have 
appeared  for  the  last  twenty-five  years.3  Neither  of  these 
papers  adds  to  the  sum  of  physiological  knowledge  by  the  con- 
tribution of  new  experimental  facts ;  but  they  are  interesting, 
as  expressing  the  arguments  upon  two  opposite  sides,  and  they 
illustrate  the  necessity  of  new  observations,  in  which  some  of 
the  important  omissions  in  the  experiments  hitherto  made  may 
be  supplied. 

1  Abstract  of  the  Croonian  Lectures  delivered  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians ~by  Dr.  Parties.— Medical  Times  and   Gazette,  London,  March  15, 
1871,  p.  348. 

2  LIEBIG,  The  Source  of  Muscular  Power. — The  Pharmaceutical  Jour- 
nal and  Transactions,  London,  1870,  Third  Series,  part  ii.,.p.  161,  and 
part  iii.,  pp.  181,  201,  221. 

3  VOIT,  Ueler  die  EntwicTclung  der  Lehre  von  der  Quelle  der  Muskel- 
Icraft  und  einiger  Tlieile  der  Ernahrung  seit  25  Jahren. — Zeitschrift  fur 
Biologie,  Miinchen,  1870,  Bd.  vi.,  S.  805,  et  seq. 


12         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXEECISE. 

Plan  of  the  Investigations  and  the  Processes  employed. 

A  few  weeks  before  Mr.  Weston  put  himself  under  our 
observation,  he  was  made  to  undergo  a  thorough  physical  ex- 
amination at  the  hands  of  Prof.  Austin  Flint,  and  his  urine 
was  examined  by  myself.  The  result  showed  that  Mr.  "Weston 
was  in  perfect  health,  at  least  as  far  as  could  be  determined  by 
any  ordinary  physical  examination.  This  examination  was 
made  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  there  existed  any 
physical  reason  why  it  would  be  unsafe  for  Mr.  "Weston  to 
undertake  his  proposed  task. 

Having  ascertained  that  Mr.  Weston  was  in  perfect  health, 
he  was  invited  to  be  present  at  a  meeting  of  scientific  gentle- 
men, for  the  purpose  of  fixing  upon  a  definite  plan  of  investi- 
gation. At  this  meeting  were  present,  Profs.  Doremus,  Dalton, 
Yan  Buren,  Flint,  Hammond,  and  myself.  Prof.  Mott,  who 
rendered  us  most  valuable  assistance  during  the  walk,  was  not 
present  at  that  meeting.  Mr.  Weston  was  here  subjected  to 
another  examination  with  regard  to  his  physical  condition, 
which  was  found  to  be  perfect. 

As  the  result  of  our  deliberations  at  this  meeting,  it  was 
decided  to  confine  our  investigations  within  limits  that  would 
render  it  possible  to  complete  them  accurately  and  satisfac- 
torily ;  the  fear  being  that,  in  attempting  to  do  too  much,  the 
value  of  our  results  might  be  impaired.  It  was  also  deemed 
proper  to  take  the  position  that  we  would  under  no  circum- 
stances interfere  with  Mr.  Weston's  diet,  training,  or  manner 
of  making  the  walk,  simply  observing  the  facts  according  to 
our  plan.  This  idea  was  fully  carried  out.  Throughout  the 
entire  fifteen  days  during  which  Mr.  Weston  was  under  obser- 
vation, he  acted  in  every  thing  according  to  his  own  judg- 
ment ;  and  the  walk  was  made  without  any  advice  or  inter- 
ference on  the  part  of  any  of  the  scientific  gentlemen  engaged 
in  the  investigations. 

In  collecting  our  material,  it  was  determined  to  note  the 
following  points : 

1.  To  take  our  observations  during  three  periods,  viz. ;  a 
first  period,  five  days  before  the  walk ;  the  second,  the  five 
days  of  the  walk ;  and  the  third,  five  days  after  the  walk. 
Inasmuch  as  we  proposed  to  assume  the  entire  responsibility 


DELATIONS  OF  UEEA  TO  EXEECISE.        13 

of  the  accuracy  of  all  the  facts  noted,  it  was  determined  to 
place  Mr.  Weston  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Thomas  0.  Doremus,  Jr., 
son  of  Prof.  Doremus,  who  was  not  to  leave  him,  night  or 
day,  without  notifying  the  one  in  charge  of  the  investigations. 
This  was  done.  Mr.  Doremus  was  actually  with  Mr.  Weston, 
night  and  day,  for  the  fifteen  days,  except  on  two  occasions. 
On  one  day,  for  a  few  hours,  Mr.  Doremus'  place  was  supplied 
by  Mr.  Loew,  assistant  to  Prof.  Doremus,  who  was  engaged  in 
making  the  chemical  analyses.  On  another  occasion,  Mr.  Do- 
remus was  relieved  by  myself  for  about  four  hours.  During 
the  walk,  Prof.  Mott,  Prof.  Doremus,  and  myself,  one  or  all  of 
us,  were  constantly  present  at  the  rink.  Mr.  Doremus  was 
with  Mr.  Weston  almost  constantly  at  this  time,  but  he  occa- 
sionally slept  in  the  building,  when  Mr.  Weston  was  walking 
at  night,  leaving  him  in  charge  of  one  of  us.  It  is  neces- 
sary to  make  these  statements,  in  view  of  the  extraordinary 
character  of  our  results,  to  show  that  nothing  is  taken  as  a 
fact  to  work  upon,  unless  observed  by  ourselves  or  our  assist- 
ants. I  desire  again  to  commend  the  fidelity  with  which  Mr. 
Doremus  executed  that  part  of  our  plan  intrusted  to  him, 
though,  as  is  evident,  it  involved  an  immense  amount  of 
fatigue. 

2.  To  take  every  day,  as  nearly  as  possible  at  the  same 
hour  and  under  the  same  conditions,  the  naked  weight,  pulse, 
respirations,  and  temperature. 

3.  To  note  accurately  the  weight  of  every  separate  article 
taken  as  food  or  drink.     This  was  done  for  two  purposes :  to 
note  the  ingesta  and  excreta,  with  reference  to  the  weight  of  the 
body ;  and  to  have  all  the  articles  of  food  separately  weighed, 
so  as  to  estimate  the  daily  consumption  of  nitrogen. 

4.  To  note  the  amount  of  exercise  taken  each  day,  in  the 
first  period,  before  the  walk,  and  in  the  third  period  after  the 
walk,  and  also  to  note  any  thing  unusual  with  reference  to  his 
general  condition. 

5.  To  collect  the  entire  urine  of  the  twenty-four  hours, 
day  by  day,  for  the  purpose  of  subjecting  it  to  chemical  and 
microscopical  examination.     As  Mr.  Weston  proposed  to  ar- 
range in  his  walk  of  five  days  that  the  time  should  expire  a 
tew  minutes  after  midnight,  the  twenty-four  hours  for  collect- 


14  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

ing  the  urine  were  calculated  from  midnight  to  midnight.  It 
was  also  determined  to  collect  and  weigh  the  fseces. 

In  the  execution  of  the  above  plan,  I  assumed  the  respon- 
sibility of  superintending  the  records,  except  the  notes  of  the 
chemical  analyses,  and  of  making  microscopical  examinations 
of  the  urinary  sediments.  Prof.  Doremus  assumed  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  chemical  analyses.  As  far  as  the  general 
records  are  concerned,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  testifying  to 
their  entire  accuracy.  It  is  fortunate  that  no  accident  hap- 
pened, such  as  the  breaking  of  a  bottle  or  a  glass,  and  the  only 
error  was  in  taking  the  weight  on  November  23d,  the  third 
day  of  the  walk.  Prof.  Doremus  is  equally  satisfied  with 
regard  to  the  chemical  analyses,  made  by  his  assistant,  Mr. 
Oscar  Loew. 

The  details  of  the  plan  as  it  was  carried  out  are  as  follows: 

Mr.  Doremus,  Mr.  Loew,  and  myself,  were  each  provided 
with  a  note-book.  My  own  note-book  was  for  recording  the 
microscopical  examinations  of  the  urinary  sediments. 

The  following  directions  were  written  in  the  note-book 
given  to  Mr.  Doremus  : 

At  every  meal,  weigh  the  food  and  drink  in  the  following 
manner  : 

Put  the  meat  on  a  separate  plate,  and  weigh  the  plate  be- 
fore and  after  eating.  Note  the  loss  of  weight,  which  will 
give  the  quantity  actually  consumed.  Mr.  Weston  does  not 
intend  to  eat  much  fat,  but  expects  to  get  his  fat  from  butter. 
When  he  eats  fat  it  is  to  be  noted. 

Put  each  vegetable  on  a  separate  plate  and  determine  the 
quantity  consumed,  in  the  same  way  as  for  the  meat. 

Estimate  the  bread  in  the  same  way  as  the  meat  and  vege- 
tables. 

Take  a  known  weight  of  butter  and  weigh  each  night  to 
ascertain  the  quantity  taken  during  the  day.  It  will  be  suffi- 
cient to  determine  in  this  way  the  quantity  of  butter  consumed 
in  the  twenty-four  hours. 

Estimate  the  quantity  of  sugar  taken,  in  the  same  way  as 
the  butter. 

Note  the  number  of  eggs  taken,  and  see  that  they  are  en- 
tirelv  consumed. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         15 

Measure  the  water  taken,  by  fluidounces,  and  always  carry 
a  graduated  glass  for  Mr.  Weston  to  drink  from,  so  that  the 
amount  shall  be  estimated  exactly. 

Measure  the  coffee,  tea,  and  any  other  liquids  taken,  in  the 
same  way,  and  note  especially  the  quantity  of  milk  used. 

Each  night,  just  before  Mr.  "Weston  goes  to  bed,  take  the 
weight  of  the  body,  naked,  the  temperature  under  the  tongue, 
the  pulse  and  respirations,  and  note  the  time  when  the  above- 
mentioned  conditions  are  taken.  The  pulse  is  always  to  be 
counted  sitting.  The  respirations  are  to  be  taken  in  the  same 
position,  when  Mr.  Weston 's  attention  is  diverted  and  when 
he  is  perfectly  tranquil. 

Note  the  exercise,  miles  walked,  time,  etc.,  for  each  twenty- 
four  hours. 

Collect  all  the  urine  for  each  twenty-four  hours.  Send  six 
fluidounces  to  me  for  microscopical  examination,  and  send  the 
remainder  to  the  chemical  laboratory  for  quantitative  analysis. 
Before  any  of  the  urine  is  sent,  mix  the  whole  for  the  twenty- 
four  hours,  and  note  on  the  bottle  sent  to  the  chemical  labora- 
tory the  amount  taken  out  for  microscopical  examination,  so 
that  the  chemist  may  take  that  into  account  in  his  record  of 
the  entire  quantity. 

Collect  the  fseces  and  send  them  each  day  to  the  chemical 
laboratory. 

At  the  end  of  each  record  for  the  day,  note  the  general 
condition  of  health  and  feelings  and  any  unusual  circumstance 
that  may  have  occurred  during  the  day  affecting  the  physio- 
logical conditions. 

Note  each  fact  instantly,  leaving  nothing  to  the  memory. 
Read  these  directions  carefully  every  night  before  closing  the 
record  for  the  day,  and  supply  at  once  any  omissions. 

The  following  directions  were  written  in  the  note-book 
given  to  Mr.  Loew : 

Measure  the  entire  quantity  of  urine  in  the  twenty-four 
hours. 

Note  the  odor,  color,  reaction,  and  specific  gravity. 

Note  the  presence  or  absence  of  albumen  and  sugar. 

Ascertain  the  proportions  of  various  constituents  of  the 
urine,  according  to  directions  received  from  Prof.  Doremus. 


16  KELATIONS    OF    UKEA    TO    EXEKCISE. 

Be  exceedingly  careful  to  note  eavli  day  accurately  from 
midnight  to  midnight. 

The  weight  was  taken  each  night,  generally  in  my  presence, 
by  Mr.  Doremus,  as  near  midnight  as  practicable,  upon  new 
platform-scales,  weighing  accurately  to  a  quarter  of  a  pound, 
kindly  furnished  by  Messrs.  Fairbanks  &  Co.,  of  New  York. 
The  food  was  weighed  upon  a  new  balance,  likewise  furnished  by 
Messrs.  Fairbanks  &  Co.,  weighing  accurately  to  -^  of  an  ounce. 
These  balances  were  selected  on  account  of  the  well-known 
accuracy  of  the  makers,  and  for  their  availability  for  rapid 
weighing,  inasmuch  as  it  was  desirable  to  annoy  Mr.  Weston 
as  little  as  possible,  particularly  in  giving  him  his  weighed  food. 
The  pulse,  respirations,  and  temperature,  were  noted  by  myself, 
except  on  the  evening  of  November  16th,  when  they  were  noted 
by  Prof.  Dal  ton.  The  temperature  was  taken  under  the  tongue 
with  a  maximum  thermometer,  "  Celsius,  Berlin,"  graduated  to 
y^g-  of  a  degree,  Centigrade. 

The  weight  of  the  food  was  taken  in  the  manner  indicated. 
The  liquids  were  measured  in  a  graduated  glass,  as  a  matter 
of  convenience ;  but  their  actual  weight  was  calculated  in  the 
final  tables. 

Having  taken  the  actual  weight  of  each  article  of-  food, 
it  was  desired  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  in- 
gesta.  After  consulting  carefully  all  the  works  at  my  com- 
mand giving  analyses  of  the  different  articles  of  food,  I  com- 
piled the  following  table  from  the  admirable  treatise  on  ali- 
mentation, by  Pay  en.  It  was  at  first  thought  desirable  to 
subject  specimens  of  each  article  to  ultimate  analysis  for  nitro- 
gen ;  but  the  conditions  under  which  the  observations  were 
carried  out  seemed  to  render  the  estimates  of  Pay  en  even 
more  useful.  It  was  assumed  at  the  outset  that  we  were  not 
to  interfere  with  the  diet  in  any  way,  noting  only  the  articles 
taken.  Mr.  Weston's  food  was  taken  at  several  different 
places,  and  was  prepared  by  different  persons ;  and  it  would 
have  been  impossible  to  have  analyzed  actual  specimens  of  each 
article.  In  view  of  this  fact,  it  seemed  probable  that  the  varia- 
tions from  our  analyses,  should  we  have  made  them,  would 
have  been  as  considerable  as  the  variations  from  the  average 
estimates  given  by  Payen.  It  has  been  ascertained,  also,  that 


RELATIONS  OP  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 


17 


the  flesh  of  different  animals  presents  but  a  small  fraction  of  a 
percentage  of  difference  in  the  nitrogen.  All  the  meats,  there- 
fore, are  classed  together  in  the  table,  and  are  assimilated  to  the 
composition  of  cooked  beef,  which  contains  about  3.5  per  cent, 
of  nitrogen.1  No  estimate  could  be  found  of  the  proportion  of 
nitrogen  in  the  beef-essence,  head-cheese,  or  oatmeal-gruel ;  and 
these  articles  were  analyzed  for  nitrogen  by  Mr.  Oscar  Loew,  by 
the  ordinary  method,  viz. ;  treating  the  dry  residue  after  evapo- 
ration with  soda-lime,  and  determining  the  nitrogen  as  ammonio- 
chloride  of  platinum,  reducing  the  metallic  platinum  by  heat. 
The  estimates  of  the  proportion  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  were 
therefore  approximative  ;  but  the  percentage  that  might  prop- 
erly be  allowed  for  error  would  be  very  slight.  Even  if  this 
should  be  taken  at  the  almost  impossible  figure  of  ten  per 
cent.,  it  would  not  modify  the  results.  The  advantage  of 
experimenting  upon  a  normal  and  unrestricted  diet  seems  to 
me  to  more  than  compensate  for  the  necessarily  approximative 
estimates  of  the  amount  of  nitrogen  consumed. 

Proportions  of  Nitrogen  per  Hundred  Parts. 


ARTICLE.  NITEOGEX. 

Beef... 
Mutton . 

Chicken      3.50 

Turkey . 
Fish....  . 

Eggs 1.90 

Beef-essence 0.87 

Head-cheese 2.24 

Milk 0.66 

Cftstard 1.28 

Ice-cream 1.28 

Cream-cakes 1.28 

Oysters 2.13 

Cheese 4.12 

Bread  (includes  corn-cakes,  J 

cake,  crackers,  and  bread-  > 

pudding) ) 

Rice-pudding  (rice  and  custard)        1.18 
Oatmeal-gruel 0.086 


AUTHORITY. 

Payen,  p.  488.  This  is  the 
approximative  estimate 
for  cooked  beef. 


Payen,  p.  488. 

O.  Loew  (actual  analysis). 

do.  do. 

Payen,  p.  488. 
Average  of  milk  and  eggs, 
do.  do. 

do.  do. 

Payen,  p.  489. 
do.       do. 


1.08         Payen,  p.  490. 


do.        do. ;  Rice,  p.  108. 
0.  Loew  (actual  analysis). 


1  PAYEN,  Precis  tlieorique  et  pratique  des  substances  alimentaires,  Paris^ 
1865,  p.  488,  et  seq. 
2 


18 


OF    UREA    TO    EXEECISE. 


XITROGEX.      AUTHORITY. 
0.33         Payen,  p.  490. 


0.92 
0.64 
0.11 
0.02 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


These  articles  contain  no  nitrogen,  or  merely  a 
trace  which  may  be  disregarded. 


AETICLE. 

Potatoes 

Figs 

Butter 

Coffee 

Tea 

Tomatoes 

Cranberries 

Cauliflower 

Celery 

Lettuce 

Tomato-soup 

Tomato-catsup 

Grapes 

Apples 

Citron 

Preserves 

Sweet  pickles 

Sugar 

Lemonade 

Molasses- and-water. . 

Vinegar 

Salt 

Pepper 

Bicarbonate  of  potash 


The  urine  of  each  twenty-four  hours  was  carefully  collected 
in  a  large,  glass-stoppered  bottle,  and  was  analyzed  by  Mr. 
Loew,  by  the  following  methods : 

The  specific  gravity  was  always  determined  by  actual 
weight! 

The  urea  was  estimated  by  Liebig's  volumetric  process.  In 
this,  a  single  specimen  of  urine  was  used  for  estimating  both 
chloride  of  sodium  and  urea.  The  chloride  of  sodium  was 
determined  first,  and  afterward  the  urea  was  determined  with 
a  different  mercurial  solution.  This  was  done  to  avoid  confu- 
sion and  possible  mistake  in  the  readings  of  the  burettes. 

The  uric  acid  was  determined  by  weight ;  concentrating 
the  urine,  treating  it  for  twelve  hours  with  nitric  acid,  and 
collecting  the  crystals  of  uric  acid. 

The  phosphoric  acid  was  determined  by  weight,  converting 
the  phosphates  into  2MgO,P05. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.        19 

The  sulphuric  acid  was  determined  by  weight,  converting 
the  sulphates  into  BaO,SO3. 

The  examination  of  the  urinary  sediments  was  made  by 
myself  with  a  ^  inch  objective,  allowing  the  specimen  to  stand 
about  twelve  hours. 

The  faeces  were  passed  directly  into  clean  glass  vessels  pro- 
vided with  air-tight  glass  covers,  and  weighed.  The  nitrogen 
of  the  faeces  was  estimated  by  the  soda-lime  and  platinum  pro- 
cess. 

Physiological  History  of  Mr.  Weston  for  the  Fifteen  Days 
during  which  he  was  under  Observation. 

The  fifteen  days  during  which  Mr.  Weston  was  under  ob- 
servation were  divided  into  three  periods  of  five  days  each. 
During  the  first  period  of  five  days,  he  took  very  moderate 
exercise,  and  assumed  to  be  "  training  "  for  the  walk,  though 
he  did  not  pursue  the  system  generally  adopted  in  training  for 
efforts  of  endurance.  The  second  period  embraces  the  five 
days  of  the  walk.  The  third  period  of  five  days  after  the 
walk  was  one  of  almost  absolute  rest.  During  the  entire  fif- 
teen days,  he  abstained  altogether  from  alcoholic  beverages. 
Though  not  what  is  called  a  total  abstainer,  Mr.  Weston  is 
not  an  habitual  drinker.  He  occasionally  takes  a  glass  of  ale 
or  wine,  but  this  is  rare.  During  the  first  two  periods,  Mr. 
Weston  did  not  smoke.  He  smoked  from  five  to  seven  cigars 
daily  during  the  third  period  of  five  days.  In  the  records  of 
food  taken,  the  time  of  eating  is  stated,  but  I  have  not  thought 
it  necessary  to  extend  the  tables  by  giving  a  separate  account 
of  each  meal,  and  shall  generally  give  in  a  single  table  the 
entire  quantity  consumed  in  the  twenty-four  hours. 

At  the  time  of  making  the  walk,  Mr.  Weston  was  thirty- 
one  years  and  eight  months  old.  His  height  is  five  feet  and 
seven  inches.  His  weight,  naked,  is  from  one  hundred  and 
twenty  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  pounds.  He  has  never 
had  any  serious  illness,  with  the  exception  of  what  he  describes 
as  vertigo  and  rather  serious  brain-symptoms  after  attempting 
a  walk  when  he  was  suffering  from  a  cold  and  headache.  This 
occurred  in  the  summer  of  18TO.  He  does  not  know  that  he 
has  any  hereditary  tendency  to  disease.  His  physical  confor- 


20         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

mation  is  interesting,  in  view  of  his  immense  powers  of  en- 
durance. 

His  general  build  is  slight,  and  the  parts  above  the  waist 
are  very  light.  The  bones  of  the  chest  and  upper  extremities 
are  small,  and  the  muscles  are  but  little  developed.  The  pelvis 
is  unusually  broad  for  a  male,  and  the  lower  extremities  are  so 
formed  that  there  is  a  considerable  space  between  the  thighs 
from  the  knees  to  the  peringeum.  This  conformation  is  pe- 
culiarly fortunate,  as  it  gives  immunity  from  chafing,  which  is 
one  of  the  greatest  sources  of  annoyance  to  pedestrians.  The 
lower  extremities  are  remarkable  for  the  unusual  development 
of  the  muscles  that  move  the  thighs  upon  the  pelvis.  In 
walking,  it  is  observed  that  Mr.  Weston  makes  great  use  of 
these  muscles,  and  uses  the  muscles  of  the  leg  very  little.  The 
calf  of  the  leg  is  small ;  much  smaller  than  one  would  expect 
to  see  in  a  pedestrian. 

A  noticeable  peculiarity  about  the  muscles  of  the  thighs 
and  legs  is  that  they  never  become  hard,  or  what  is  technical- 
ly called  "  fine."  They  were  quite  soft  before  the  walk,  and 
at  all  times  during  the  walk  they  were  in  the  same  condition. 
It  was  very  remarkable  that,  after  the  third  day,  when  Mr. 
"Weston  had  walked  within  the  twenty-four  hours  ninety- 
two  miles,  the  muscles  wwe  as  soft  as  ever.  It  has  seemed 
to  me  that  this  peculiarity  of  the  muscles  is  advantageous. 
When  the  muscles  are  very  hard  from  thorough  training, 
prolonged  exertion  is  apt  to  produce  cramps,  due,  perhaps, 
to  exaggeration  of  the  normal  muscular  irritability.  This 
is  also  a  difficulty  experienced  by  pedestrians.  In  the 
case  of  Mr.  Weston,  the  movements  were  always  free,  and, 
according  to  his  statements,  he  was  never  much  fatigued. 
Only  once  during  the  five  days  of  the  walk  did  he  say  that  he 
was  "  leg-weary."  What  he  complained  of  most  was  want  of 
sleep,  and,  at  one  time,  vertigo.  The  conformation  of  the  feet 
is  perfect ;  the  toes  are  straight,  the  instep  is  high,  and  the 
heel  is  very  long,  giving  a  remarkable  leverage  for  the  tendo 
Achillis.  The  heel  does  not  project,  as  in  the  negro,  but  the 
tendo  Achillis  passes  straight  to  the  calf  of  the  leg. 

The  nervous  element  has  seemed  to  me  very  important  in 
the  tasks  accomplished  by  Mr.  Weston.  In  walking,  his  pluck 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE.  21 

is  extraordinary.  On  the  fourth  day  of  the  walk,  having 
made  on  the  first  day,  eighty  miles,  on  the  second,  forty-eight 
miles,  and  on  the  third,  ninety-two  miles,  he  kept  on  the  track 
after  having  walked  over  fifty  miles,  until  his  vertigo  became 
so  great  that  he  could  not  see  to  turn  the  corners.  He  was 
forced  from  this  cause  to  abandon  all  hope  of  making  four 
hundred  miles  in  five  days  ;  but  on  the  fifth  day,  he  appeared 
again  at  10  A.  M.,  and  walked  over  forty  miles.  While  walk- 
ing, however,  Mr.  Weston  was  excessively  sensitive,  and  wras 
disturbed  and  annoyed  by  the  slightest  things.  I  am  confident 
that  he  could  accomplish  more  if  he  were  properly  prepared 
by  training,  and  were  cared  for  during  his  walks  by  a  compe- 
tent professional  trainer. 

First  Period,  Five  Days  before  the  Walk. 

At  midnight,  November  15th,  the  observations  were  begun. 
At  forty  minutes  past  twelve,  his  general  condition  was  as 
follows  : 

Weight  (naked)  ...............   120.5  Ibs.  (54k.  655  grammes). 

Temperature  under  the  tongue,  .........   98.6°  (37°  C.) 

Pulse  (sitting  and  perfectly  tranquil)  ..............   64. 

Respirations  .....  ..............................   19. 

Immediately  after  this  examination,  Mr.  Weston  went  to 
bed. 


November  16#A,  First  Day. 

Mr.  Weston  slept  well  during  the  night,  and  rose  in  good 
health  and  spirits  at  8.15  A.  M.  He  felt  well  the  entire  day  ; 
took  his  breakfast  at  9.15  A.  M.  ;  dinner  at  1.10  p.  M.  ;  and  sup- 
per at  7.55  r.  M.  He  walked  during  the  day  about  fifteen 
miles.  Though  feeling  well,  he  was  worried  and  anxious  about 
the  business  arrangements  for  his  walk.  He  did  not  go  to  bed 
until  2.35  A.  M.,  November  17th.  He  slept,  during  the  twenty- 
four  hours,  seven  hours  and  thirty  minutes. 


22         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 12.25  187.58 

Mutton-chops 3.00  45.94 

Eggs 2.T6  22.94 

Milk 7.21  20.82 

Bread 9.88  47.48 

Potatoes 8.25  11.99 

Butter 2.12  5.94 

Sugar 1.78  00.00 

Coffee 35.60  17.13 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Water 24.00  00.00 

Salt 0.09  00.00 

Pepper 0.02  00.00 


122.99  361.22 

(3,492.17  grammes.)    (23.404  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (7  Ibs.,  10  T9^  oz.) 

Liquids (5  Ibs.,    2  T8^.  oz.) 

Analyses  of  Excretions  of  Twenty -four  Hours. 

TRINE. 

Quantity 39.55  fl  §  (1,170.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity 1024.0 

Urea 650.08  grains,  42.120  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 303.37      "  19.656  " 

Uric  acid 3.55     ' "          0.230  " 

Phosphoric  acid 51.46       "          3.334  " 

Sulphuric  acid 38.37       "  2.486  " 

Chloride  of  sodium 195.02       "  12.636  u 

This  urine  presented  a  light  flocculent  sediment,  which  contained  a  large 
number  of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 

F.ECES. 

Quantity 3.70  oz.  av.      105.0      grammes. 

Nitrogen 19.89  grains,         1.289         u 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  fa3ces  combined. .  .323.26      "  20.945        " 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food . .  89.49    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.538     " 

f  Weight  (naked) 120.5  Ibs.  (54  k.  655  grammes.) 

J  Temperature  under  the  tongue 99.7°  (37.°  C.) 

i  Pulse,  full  and  soft 75. 

[  Respirations 20. 


EELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 


23 


November  Vlth,  Second  Day. 

After  going  to  bed  at  2.35  A.  M.,  Mr.  Weston  rose  at  8.45 
A.  M.,  and  said  that  he  felt  well,  but  had  not  slept  long  enough. 
He  had  a  little  headache  in  the  middle  of  the  day,  which  con- 
tinued until  evening.  He  took  breakfast  at  9.40  A.  M.  ;  dinner 
at  2.30  P.  M.  ;  and  supper  at  7.40  p.  M.  He  walked  during  the 
day  about  five  miles.  He  was  still  worried  about  his  arrange- 
ments for  the  walk.  He  went  to  bed  at  11.30  P.  M.  He  slept, 
during  the  twenty-four  hours,  six  hours  and  forty  minutes. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 5.25  80.39 

Roast  beef 5.25  80.39 

Eggs.. 4.14  34,41 

Milk 4.63  13.37 

Bread 8.50  40.16 

Potatoes 10.00  14.44 

Tomatoes  (stewed) 7.00  00.00 

Butter 2.95                    •        8.26 

Sugar 1.25  00.00 

Coffee 32.32  15.53 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Water 8.00  00.00 

Salt 0.02  00.00 

Pepper 0.09  00.00 

105.43  288.35 

(2,987.92  grammes.)    (18.682  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (6  Ibs.,    9  T\%  oz.) 

Liquids (3  Ibs.,  12  T9787  oz.) 

Analyses  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

TJEINE. 

Quantity 38.03  fl  |  (1125.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity 1024.4 

Urea '. 590.35  grains,  38.250  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 275.50       "       16.517        " 

Uric  acid 4.03       ';          0.261         u 

Phosphoric  acid 44.08       "          2.921         " 

Sulphuric  acid 40.92       "          2.651         " 

Chloride  of  sodium 158.00       "        10.237         " 

The  sediment  was  the  same  as  on  November  16th,  but  the  octahedra  of 
the  oxalate  of  lime  were  more  numerous. 


24         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 


Quantity 4.78  oz.  av.      135.5      grammes. 

Nitrogen 25.68  grains,         1.664        " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined..  .301.18      "  18.181        " 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food .  104.45    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.683     u 


(  Weight  (naked) 121.25  Ibs.  (55  kilos.) 

Temperature  under  the  tongue 98.4 

Pulse 73. 

Respirations 20. 


)  Temperature  under  the  tongue 98.4°  (36.9°  C.) 

p-  M-      j  pulse . .  .73. 


November  18£A,  Third  Day. 

Mr.  "Weston  rose  at  9  A.  M.  ;  took  his  breakfast  at  9.50 
A.  M.  ;  dinner  at  2.15  A.  M.  ;  and  supper  at  Y.35  P.  M.  He  said 
he  felt  "  splendidly "  all  day.  He  wrote  about  seven  hours, 
and  walked  about  five  miles.  He  was  very  cheerful  all  day, 
and  went  to  bed  at  12.20  A.  M.,  November  19th.  He  slept, 
during  the  twenty-four  hours,  nine  hours. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty -four  Hours. 

Oz.  AT.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 10.37  158.79 

Eggs 2.76  22.94 

Milk 7.21  20.82 

Bread 7.75  36.62 

Potatoes 5.13  7.41 

Butter 3.13  8.76 

Sugar 1.75  00.00 

Coffee 32.32  15.53 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Salt 0.09  00.00 

Pepper 0102  00.00 


86.56  272.27 

(2,463.67  grammes.)    (17.641  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (5  Ibs.,  6  ^  oz.) 

Liquids (3  Ibs.,  7  AV  oz.) 


RELATIONS    OF    IJKEA    TO    EXEECISE.  25 

Analyses  of  Excretions  of  Twenty -four  Hours. 
TRINE. 

Quantity 46.15  fl  f  (1,365.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity 1023.1 

Urea 653.08  grains,  42.315  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 304. 77       "  19.747  " 

Uric  acid 0.94       "  0.061  " 

Phosphoric  acid 45.14       "  2.925  " 

Sulphuric  acid 38.86       u  2.518  " 

Chloride  of  sodium 191.70       "  12.421  " 

There  was  a  rather  light,  cloudy  sediment,  which  contained  a  little  mu- 
cus, and  a  very  few  small  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 

F^CES. 

Quantity 4.76  oz.  av.      135.0      grammes. 

Nitrogen 25.59  grains,         1.6C8        " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  fseces  combined..  .330.36      "  21.405        " 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  fseces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food .'.  121.30    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.144     " 

Weight  (naked) 120  Ibs.  (54  k.  432  grammes.) 

n     ~r  Temperature  under  the  tongue ,   98°  (36.7°  C.) 

J.-L.OO  P»  IVI.  ._ ..    . 

Pulse 71. 

Respirations 20. 

November  19£A,  Fourth  Day. 

Mr.  Weston  rose  at  8.35  A.  M.,  feeling  as  well  as  possible ; 
took  breakfast  at  9  A.  M.  ;  dinner  at  4.45  p.  M.  ;  and  supper  at 
10.45  p.  M.  He  said  he  felt  "  splendidly  "  all  day.  He  walked 
during  the  day  about  fifteen  miles,  was  very  cheerful,  and 
went  to  bed  at  12.45  A.  M.,  November  20th.  He  slept,  during 
the  twenty-four  hours,  seven  hours  and  fifteen  minutes. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 4.25  65.08 

Mutton-chops 4.88  74.72 

Roast  beef 4.88  74.72 

Eggs 4.14  34.41 

Milk 4.38  12.65 

Bread..  10.25  48.43 


26         RELATIONS  OF  UKEA  TO  EXEECISE. 

Cz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Potatoes 0.88  1.27 

Butter 2.43  6.80 

Sugar 1.61  00.00 

Coffee 32.32  15.53 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Salt 0.09  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 


86.19  335.01 

(2,  443.19  grammes.)     (21.706  grammes.) 
Total  ingesta  ...........   (5  Ibs.,  6TVo-  oz.) 

Liquids  ................   (4  Ibs., 


Analyses  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

URINE. 
Quantity  .........  ....................     32.45  fl  §        (960.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity  ......................  1027.6. 

Urea  .................................   607.55  grains,  39.365  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea  .......................  283.52      "       18.370         " 

Uric  acid  ..............................       1.06      "         0.069         " 

Phosphoric  acid  ..............  ..........     67.00      "         4.341      -" 

Sulphuric  acid  ........................     51.50      u         3.337        " 

Chloride  of  sodium  ....................   106.68      "         6.912         " 

This  urine  presented  a  copious,  fawn-colored  sediment,  which  cleared 
up  with  gentle  heat.  It  contained  the  amorphous  urates,  with  a  large  num- 
ber of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 

FAECES. 
Quantity  ..............................  3.17  oz.  av.      90.0      grammes. 

Nitrogen  ..............................  17.05  grains,       1  .105        " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined  ____  300.57  grains,      19.475  grammes. 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food.  .89.75    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea  ...........................   0.174     " 

Weight  (naked),  taken  at  12.35  A.  M.,  November  20th,  118.5  (53  k.  745 
grammes). 

(  Temperature  under  the  tongue  ...........   99.1°  (37.3°  C. 

11.55  P.  M.      •]  Pulse  .................................  78. 

(  Respirations  ..........................   23. 

November  202A,  Fifth  Day. 

Mr.  Weston  rose  at  10.45  A.  M.,  feeling  remarkably  well. 
He  took  breakfast  at  11.30A.M.;  dinner  at  .5.55  P.M.;  and 
supper  at  11.15  P.  M.  He  said  lie  felt  "  splendidly  "  all  day. 


KELATIONS  OF  UEEA  TO  EXEECISE.        27 

He  walked  about  one  mile  during  the  day.  He  started  on  his 
great  walk  at  12.15  A.  M.,  November  21st.  He  slept,  during 
the  twenty-four  hours,  ten  hours. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drinlcfor  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 18.25  279.45 

Eggs 6.90  57.35 

Milk 11.33  32.71 

Bread 8.88  41.96 

Potatoes 3.00  4.33 

Butter 2.75  7.70 

Sugar 1.75  00.00 

Coffee 32.32  15.53 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Salt 0.08  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 

101.34  440.43 

(2,872.63  grammes.)     (28.536  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (6  Ibs.,  6TVjr  oz.) 

Liquids (3  Ibs.,  HTVffoz.) 

Analyses  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

URINE. 

Quantity 34.00  fl  §  .  (1,050.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity 1025.2. 

Urea 640.13  grains,  41.475  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 298.73      "  19.355         " 

Uric  acid 1.73      "  0.112 

Phosphoric  acid 43.01      "  2.787        " 

Sulphuric  acid 38.18      "  2.474         " 

Chloride  of  sodium 145.85      "  9.450         " 

This   specimen  of  urine  presented  rather  a  faint,   cloudy  sediment, 
which  contained  a  large  number  of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 

FAECES. 

Quantity 3.97  oz.  av.     112.5       grammes. 

Mtrogen 21.33  grains,         1.382         u 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  fieces  combined 320.06  grains,  20.737  grammes. 

Mtrogen  of  urea  and  fteces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food.  72. 67  parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.270  " 

I  Weight  (naked) 119.2  Ibs.  (54  k.  62  grammes. 

j  Temperature  under  the  tongue 99.5°  (37.5°C.) 

j  Pulse 93. 

I  Respirations 25. 


28         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

Second  Period. — Five  Days  of  the  Walk. 

The  walk  proposed  by  Mr.  Weston  took  place  in  an  im- 
mense building  of  corrugated  iron,  known  as  the  "Empire 
Skating  Rink,"  on  Third  Avenne,  near  Sixty-fourth  Street. 
This  building  is  oblong,  measuring  170  by  350  feet.  A  track 
made  of  boards  covered  with  dirt  and  fine  shavings  wTas  laid 
out  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram.  This  track  was  measured 
by  Mr.  Joseph  L.  T.  Smith,  surveyor,  in  the  presence  of  Prof. 
Doremus  and  myself.  The  circuit,  taken  two  and  a  half  feet 
from  the  inside,  measured  T35^4Q-  feet.  This  measurement 
was  made  with  a  metallic  tape,  adjusted  for  temperature  and 
tested  in  our  presence.  In  making  the  measurement,  Prof. 
Doremus  was  at  one  end  of  the  tape  and  I  was  at  the  other, 
and  every  reading  was  carefully  verified.  Seven  full  circuits 
and  ISOy1^  additional  feet  made  a  full  mile.  In  computing 
the  walk,  the  distance  was  noted  by  circuits.  Three  judges 
were  in  attendance  day  and  night ;  one  calling  the  time  of 
each  circuit,  and  two  checking  off  the  circuits  in  a  book  pro- 
vided for  that  purpose.  In  addition,  either  Prof.  Doremus, 
Prof.  Mott,  or  myself,  was  constantly  present.  Mr.  Weston 
had  retiring-rooms  in  the  front  of  the  building,  where  his 
food  was  prepared,  where  he  slept,  and  where  our  observations 
were  taken.  The  distance  from  the  judge's  stand  to  the  door 
of  these  rooms  was  145^^-  feet. 

During  the  walk,  Mr.  Weston  took  but  few  regular  meals, 
a  great  part  of  his  nourishment  being  taken  while  actually 
walking.  In  this  way  he  took  his  beef-essence,  soft-boiled 
eggs,  gruel,  tea,  coffee,  and  all  other  drinks.  I  shall  not, 
therefore,  give  the  time  of  the  meals  taken  during  this  period, 
but  simply  state  the  entire  quantity  consumed  in  each  twenty- 
four  hours. 

With  regard  to  the  distance  walked,  we  are  all  satisfied 
that  there  is  no  room  for  doubt.  But,  although  the  task  pro- 
posed was  not  accomplished,  the  eifort,  as  a  feat  of  pedestrian- 
ism,  was  so  prodigious,  that  I  have  thought  it  best  to  give  the 
history  of  these  five  days  pretty  fully  in  detail. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         29 

November  21s£,  First  Day. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  twenty-four  hours  of 
November  21st : 

12  00    to  12  15  A.  M.     15  minutes'  rest  before  starting. 
12  15    to    4     9     "        3  h.  54  m.  walking  20  miles,  with  4  stops  for  uri- 
nation, averaging  24  sec.  each. 

4  9    to    V  58     "        3  h.  and  49  in.  rest  (sleep). 

7  58    to    9     6      "        1  h.  and  8  m.  walking  5f  miles. 
9     6    to    9  19     "        13  in.  for  breakfast. 

9  19  A.  M.  to  1  P.  M.  3  h.  and  41  m.  walking  17  miles,  with  5  m.  12  sec. 
for  defecation,  and  2  stops  for  urination,  aver- 
aging 30  sec.  each. 

1  00    to    1  46     "        46  m.  for  dinner. 

1  46  to  3  25  "  1  h.  and  39  in.  walking  8  miles,  with  2  stops  for 
urination,  averaging  27i  sec.  each. 

3  25    to    3  32     "        7  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

3  32  to  5  34  "  2  h.  and  2  m.  walking  9f  miles,  with  2  stops  for 
urination,  averaging  26^  sec.  each. 

5  34    to    6  27     "       53  minutes'  rest  (supper). 

6  27    to    8  38     "        2  h.  and  11  in.  walking  12  miles,  with  3  stops  for 

urination,  averaging  26  sec.  each. 

8  38    to    8  48     "       10  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

8  48  to  10  32i  "  1  h.  44£  in.  walking  8  miles,  with  2  stops  for  uri- 
nation, averaging  32£  sec.  each. 

10  32£  to  12  00     "        1  h.  27£  minutes'  rest,  continued  into  November 

22d,  4  h.  58  m. 

During  the  24  hours  of  November  21st,  Mr.  Weston  walked  80  miles 
in  16  h.  and  20  m.,  including  5  m.  12  sec.  for  defecation,  and  6  m.  45  sec. 
for  urination.  Deducting  the  time  for  defecation  and  urination,  his  walk- 
ing-time was  16  h.  8  m.  and  3  sec.,  and  he  averaged  a  fraction  less  than 
5  miles  per  hour.  He  had  17  minutes'  rest,  sitting  by  the  track,  and  7  h. 
and  23  m.  for  breakfast,  dinner,  supper,  and  sleep.  He  urinated  15  times 
on  the  track.  He  vomited  a  little  liquid  twice  during  the  night,  at  10.50 
and  11.15.  He  slept  during  the  twenty-four  hours,  about  1  hour. 

Walking  80  miles 16  h.         8m.         3  sec. 

Defecation 5  "        12    " 

Urination 6  "        45    " 

Rest  on  the  track 17  " 

Rest  off  the  track . . .  v     7  h.  23  " 


23  h.      59  m        60  sec. =24  hours. 

During  the  whole  of  the  first  day,  Mr.  Weston  seemed  to  feel  very 
well,  arid  made  his  walk  with  great  ease.     He  was  a  little  nauseated  at 


30  RELATIONS '  OF    UKEA    TO    EXEKCISE. 

times,  but  he  stated  that  lie  had  always  more  or  less  disturbance  of  that 
kind  when  he  first  commenced  to  walk.  He  had  perfect  confidence  that 
he  would  accomplish  the  entire  walk,  as  originally  proposed. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Mutton-chops 2.00  30.62 

Eggs 6.90  57.35 

Milk 5.66  16.34 

Bread 1.25  5.91 

Butter 2.63  7.36 

Sugar 1.63  00.00 

Coffee 67.67  32.57 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Water 6.75  00.00 

Lemonade 71.16  00.00 

Molasses-and-Water . . .  4.40  00.00 

Salt 0.08  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 

Bicarbonate  of  potash.  0.04  00.00 

186.25  151.55 

(5,282.38  grammes.)     (9.820  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (11  Ibs..  10  TVo  oz.) 

Liquids (10  Ibs.,  11  -&V  oz.) 

Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

URINE. 

Quantity 42.09  fl  §          (1,245.0  c.  c.) 

Specific  gravity 1028.6 

Urea 710.00  grains,  46.065  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 331.33      "      21.497         " 

Uric  acid 0.32      "        0.021          " 

Phosphoric  acid 84.95      "        5.504         " 

Sulphuric  acid 73.39      "        4.755          " 

Chloride  of  sodium 96.00      "        6.220          " 

This  specimen  of  urine  presented  rather  a  faint,  cloudy  sediment,  which 
contained  a  large  number  of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 

FAECES. 

Quantity 4.80  oz.  av.      136.0  grammes. 

Nitrogen 25.77  grains,      1.670         k' 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  fasces  combined 357.10  grains,  22.167 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parfcs  of  nitrogen  of  food.  235. 63  parts. 

Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.045     " 

f  Weight  (naked) 116.5  Ibs.  (52  k.  838  grammes.) 

I  Temperature  under  the  tongue 95.3°  (35.3°  C.) 

|  Pulse 98. 

(^  Respirations 20. 


DELATIONS    OF   UKEA 


November  22d,  /Second  Day. 


The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  twenty  -four  hours  of 
November  22d  : 

12  00  to  4  58  A.  M.  4  h.  and  58  in.  rest,  continued  from  November  21st, 
before  starting,  making,  during  the  night  of  the 
21st  and  22d,  6  h.  and  25£  minutes. 

4  58  to    6  58     u        2  h.  walking  8f  miles,  with  1  stop  of  6  m.  for  defe- 
cation. 

6  58  to    7     8     "        10  m.  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

7  8  to    V  33     "        25  m.  walking  If  miles. 

7  33  to    9     5     "        1  h.  and  32  m.  rest  (breakfast). 

9     5  to  11  12     "        2  h.  and  7  in.  walking  9f  miles,  with  2  stops  for 

urination,  averaging  32  sec.  each. 
11  12  to  11  27     "        15  m.  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 
11  27  to    1  41  P.  M.     2  h.  and  14  m.  walking  10  miles,  with  2  m.  rest  and 

2  stops  for  urination,  averaging  29  sec.  each. 
1  41  to    1  55     "        14  m.  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 
1  55  to    4    5     "        2  h.  and  10  m.  walking  10  miles,  with  1  stop  for 

urination,  of  25  sec. 
4    5  to  10  24     "  ~       6  h.  19  in.    Stopped  for  sleep,  but  dozed  only.    Ate 

supper  before  starting  again. 

10  24  to  12,  less  49  sec.  Walking  8  miles  in  1  h.  36  m.  less  49  sec.  on  his 
walk  of  112  miles  in  24  h.,  and  continued  walk- 
ing into  November  23d. 

During  the  24  hours  of  November  22d,  Mr.  Weston  walked  48  miles  in 
10  h.  and  32  m.,  including  6  m.  for  defecation,  and  2  in.  27  sec.  for  urina- 
ation.  Deducting  the  time  of  defecation  and  urination,  his  walking-time 
was  10  h.  23  m.  and  33  sec.,  and  he  averaged  about  4.62  miles  per  hour. 
He  had  39  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track,  and  12  h.  and  49  m.  for 
breakfast,  dinner,  supper,  and  sleep.  He  urinated  5  times  on  the  track. 
When  he  stopped,  at  4.5  p.  M.,  he  was  undressed,  and  wrapped  in  a  long 
red-flannel  gown  and  a  blanket,  carried  to  a  vehicle,  and  driven  about  five 
blocks  to  a  private  house  to  sleep.  He  states  that  he  did  not  sleep,  but 
dozed,  and  got  no  rest.  About  9.30  P.  M.,  he  was  brought  back  to  the  rink 
in  the  same  way  that  he  was  taken  out,  ate  supper,  and  began  at  10.24  p.  M. 
his  first  attempt  to  walk  one  hundred  and  twelve  miles  in  twenty-four 
consecutive  hours.  He  seemed  cheerful  and  confident  during  the  entire 
day.  He  slept,  during  the  twenty-four  hours,  4  hours  and  28  minutes. 

Walking  48  miles.  .  10  h.  23  m.        33  sec. 
Defecation  ........  6  " 

Urination  ..........  2  "          27    " 

Eest  on  the  track.  .  39  " 

Rest  off  the  track.  .   12  "  49  " 

22  h.      119  m.         60  sec.  =24  hours. 


32         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Koast  beef. 4.00  61.25 

Chicken 2.25  34.45 

Eggs 8.28  G8.82 

Milk 5.66  16.34 

Bread 10.50  49.61 

Potatoes 2.00  2.89 

t  Butter 0.50  1.40 

'Sugar 1.75  00.00 

Coffee 57.82  27.83 

Tea 38.08  3.33 

Lemonade 34.84  00.00 

Salt 0.08  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 


165.81  265.92 

(4,700.13  grammes.)     (17,229  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (10  Ibs.,  5  ^  oz.) 

Liquids (8  Ibs.,  8  T4o°o  oz.) 

Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty -four  Hours. 

UKINE. 

Quantity 33.50  fl  §  .  (991.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity 1030.0. 

Urea 702.86  grains,  45.540  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 328.00       "      21.252  " 

Uric  acid 0.14       "        0.009  " 

Phosphoric  acid 72.14       "        4.674  " 

Sulphuric  acid 56.90      u       3.687  " 

Chloride  of  sodium 91.68       u        5.940  " 

This  specimen  of  urine  presented  rather  a  faint,  cloudy  sediment,  which 
contained  a  large  number  of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 

FAECES. 

Quantity 7.94  oz.  av.,   225.0  grammes. 

Nitrogen 42.64  grains,        2.763     " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined 370.64       u          24.015     " 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  fasces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food . .  139.39  parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.020  " 

f  Weight  (naked) 116.25  Ibs.  (52k.  724  grammes.) 

j  Temperature  under  the  tongue 94.8°  (34.9°C.) 

I  Pulse 93. 

[  Respirations 23. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         33 

November  23d,  Third  Day. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  twenty-four  hours  of 
November  23d : 

12  00  to  6  6  A.  M.  6  h.  and  6  m.  walking  27|-  miles,  with  one  stop  of  4 
m.  30  sec.  for  rest,  and  4  stops  for  urination, 
averaging  30£  sec.  each. 

6     6  to    6  14     "        8  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

6  14  to  1  31  P.  M.  7  h.  and  17  m.  walking  33  miles,  with  4  stops  for  uri- 
nation, averaging  31^  sec.  each. 

1  31  to    1  37     "        6  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

1  37  to    2  24     u       47  m.  walking  3f  miles,  with  one  stop  of  34  sec.  for 

urination. 

2  24  to    2  31     "        7  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

2  31  to    3     5     "        34  m.  walking  2£  miles. 

3  5  to    3  32     "        27  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

3  32  to    4  46     "        1  h.  14  m.  walking  5^  miles,  including  2  stops  for 

urination,  averaging  27^  sec.  each. 

4  46  to    5  16     "        30  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

5  16  to    5  46     "    '    30  m.  walking  2  miles,  with  one  stop  of  58  sec.  for 

urination. 

5  46  to    6  49     "        1  h.  and  3  ra.  rest  in  his  room  (supper). 

6  49  to    9  11     "        2  h.  and  22  m.  walking  11  miles,  with  one  stop  of 

30  sec.  for  urination. 

9  11  to    9  21     "        10  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 
9  21  to  10  52     "        1  h.  and  31  m.  walking  7  miles,  with  one  stop  of  43 

sec.  for  urination. 
10  52  to  12  00  M.        1  h.  and  8  m.  rest,  continued  into  November  24th. 

During  the  24  hours  of  November  23d,  Mr.  Weston  walked  92  miles  in 
20  h.  and  21  m.,  including  4  m.  30  sec.  rest,  and  7  m.  47  sec.  for  uri- 
nation. His  walking-time  was  20  h.  8  m.  and  43  sec.,  and  he  averaged  a 
fraction  more  than  4£  miles  per  hour.  He  had  1  h.  32  in.  and  30  sec.  rest, 
sitting  on  the  track,  and  2  h.  and  llm.  rest  in  his  room.  Before  12,  mid- 
night, November  22d,  he  had  walked  8  miles  in  1  h.  35  m.  and  11  sec., 
making  100  miles  in  24  h.  and  28  m.  His  last  rest  of  1  h.  and  8  m.  was 
continued  into  November  24th  1  h.  and  33  m.  He  urinated  on  the  track 
14  times. 

During  the  early  part  of  the  day,  Mr.  Weston  seemed  cheerful  and  con- 
fident, but  after  walking  about  sixty  miles,  he  complained  very  much  of 
drowsiness,  and  found  it  absolutely  impossible  to  make  the  time  necessary 
to  accomplish  his  hundred  and  twelve  miles  in  twenty-four  consecutive 
hours.  He  stated  that  he  was  not  fatigued,  but  suffered  only  from  want  of 
sleep.  He  was  not  much  depressed  at  his  first  failure,  as  he  intended  to 
make  a  second  trial  of  the  hundred-and-twelve-mile  walk. 

He  commenced,  10.24  p.  M.,  November  22d,  his  first  attempt  to  make 
112  miles  in  24  consecutive  hours.  He  failed  on  account  of  want  of  sleep, 


34         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

not  having  slept  well  the  six  hours  before  the  attempt.  He  had  no  passage 

from  his  bowels  during  this  24  hours.  He  slept,  during  the  24  hours,  30 
minutes. 

Walking  92  miles 20  h.       8m.  43  sec. 

Urination 7m.  47  sec. 

Eest  on  the  track 1  h.     32m.  30  sec. 

Rest  off  the  track . .  2  h.     1 1  m. 


23  h.     58  m.  120  sec. =24  hours 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beef-essence 22.26  84.73 

Eggs 8.28  68.82 

Milk 6.18  17.84 

Bread 1.50  7.09 

Oatmeal-gruel 6.78  2.55 

Butter 0.50  1.40 

Sugar 2.00  00.00 

Coffee 95.95  46.18 

Lemonade 27.56  00.00 

Salt 0.08  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 


171.14  228.61 

(4,851.22  grammes.)   (14.812  grammes.) 
Total  ingesta  ..........  (10  Ibs.,  11^%  oz.) 

Liquids  .............  .  .(  9  Ibs.,  l^Woz.) 

Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

TJKIXE. 
Quantity  ............................       40.56  fl  |  .     (1,200.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity  ......................  1032.5. 

Urea  ...............................     851.95  grains,  55.200  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea  .....................     397.58      "      25.760        " 

Uric  acid  ............................        4.74      "        0.307        " 

Phosphoric  acid  ......................     102.25       "        6.625        " 

Sulphuric  acid  .......................       63.71       "        4.128        " 

Chloride  of  sodium  ...................       44.45       "        2.880         " 

This  specimen  presented  a  whitish,  flocculent,  and  rather  copious  sedi- 
ment, which  contained  a  large  number  of  crystals  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 


NO    F^CKS   PASSED. 

Nitrogen  of  urea  (no  fa3ces)  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food  173.91  parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea  ..........  .  ...............       0.566    " 

f  Weight  inaccurately  taken  .............. 

j  Temperature  under  the  tongue  ...........   96.6°  (35.9°  0 

\  Pulse  (76  at  5  P.  M.)  .........  ...........  109. 

(  Respirations  ..........................  22. 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXEKCISE.  35 

November  24:th,  Fourth  Day. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  twenty-four  hours  of 
November  24th : 

12  00  to  1  33  A.  M.  1  h.  33  ra.  rest  in  room,  continued  from  November 
23d,  making  in  all,  2  h.  41  m.  rest  for  the  night 
of  November  23d  and  24th. 

1  33  to    4  12     "        2  h.  39  m.  walking  10  miles,  with  3  m.  stop  for 

defecation,  and  30  sec.  for  urination. 

4  12  to    9  59     "        5  h.  and  47  m.  rest  in  room. 

9  59  to    2  58  P.  M.    4  h.  59  m.  walking  23-f-  miles,  with  3  stops  for  uri- 
nation, averaging  30^  sec.  each. 

2  .58  to    3     3     "        5  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

3  8  to    6  10     "        3  h.  and  7  m.  walking  14f  miles,  with  2  stops  for 

urination,  averaging  42£  sec.  each. 

6  10  to    6  13     '*        3  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 
6  13  to    6  29     "        16  m.  walking  If  miles,  with  30  sec.  for  urination. 
6  29  to    6  39     "        10  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 
6  39  to    6  51     "        12  in.  walking  1  mile. 

6  51  to    V     3     "        12  minutes'  rest  in  his  room. 

7  3  to    7  10     "        7m.  walking  \  of  a  mile. 

7  10  to    8     6     "        56  minutes'  rest  in  his  room. 

8  6  to    8  16     "        10  m.  walking  f-  of  a  mile,  with  40  sec.  for  urina- 

tion. 

8  16  to    821     "       5  minutes' rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 
8  21  to    8  54     "        33  m.  walking  2f  miles. 

8  54  to    9     2     "        8  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

9  2  to    9  21     "        19m.  walking  If  miles. 

9  21  to    9  31     "        10  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

9  31  to    9  48     "        17  m.  walking  1  mile,  with  50  sec.  for  urination. 

9  48  to  10  21     "        33  minutes'  rest  in  room. 
10  21  to  10  30     "       9  m.  walking  f  of  a  mile. 

10  30  to  12  00  M.  1  h.  and  30  m.  rest  in  room,  continued  into  Novem- 
ber 25th. 

During  the  24  hours  of  November  24th.  Mr.  Weston  walked  57  miles 
in  12  h.  and  48  m.,  including  3  m.  for  defecation,  and  5  m.  and  26  sec.  for 
urination.  His  walking-time  was  12  h.  39  m.  and  34  sec.,  averaging  almost 
exactly  4£  miles  per  hour.  He  had  41  m.  rest,  sitting  on  the  track,  and  10 
h.  and  31  m.  rest  in  his  room.  He  urinated  on  the  track  10  times.  His 
last  rest,  1  h.  and  30  m.,  was  continued  into  November  25th,  for  9  h.  56m., 
making,  during  the  night  of  November  24th  and  25th,  11  h.  26  m.  rest. 

He  commenced,  at  10.13  A.  M.,  his  second  attempt  to  walk  112  miles  in 
24  consecutive  hours.  At  6.51  p.  M.  he  became  very  dizzy.  This  increased 
so  that  he  staggered,  and  could  hardly  see  the  track.  After  6  rests  and  6 
attempts  to  continue  his  walk,  ho  was  forced  to  abandon  the  attempt  at 


36  EELATIONS    OF   UREA   TO    EXEECISE. 

10.30  P.  M.  He  was  excessively  depressed  at  his  failure,  as  it  was  then 
impossible  for  him  to  accomplish  the  four  hundred  miles  in  five  days.  He 
took  nothing  hut  a  little  food,  lay  down,  and  went  to  sleep  about  midnight. 
He  slept  during  this  twenty-four  hours,  1  hour ;  but  his  sleep  was  continued 
into  the  next  day. 

Walking  57  miles 12  h.  39m.     34  sec. 

Defecation 3m. 

Urination 6  in.    26  sec. 

Eest  on  the  track 41  m. 

Eest  off  the  track. .  .  10  h.  31  m. 


22  h.  119  m.     60  sec. =24  hours. 
Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Eoast  beef, 1.62  24.81 

Beef-essence 10.33  39.32 

Milk. 8.75  25.27 

Bread 6.62  31.28 

Oatmeal-gruel. .  . . .- 7.92  2.92 

Sugar 3.62  00.00 

Coffee 38.38  18.47 

Tea 30.06  2.63 

Lemonade. 41.60  00.00 

Salt 0.08  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 

Bicarbonate  of  potash 0.04  00.00 


149.07  144.70 

(4,225.61  grammes.)     (9.376  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta .(9  Ibs.,  5^  oz.) 

Liquids (8  Ibs.,  9T|T  oz.) 

Analyses  of  Excretion*  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

UEINE. 

Quantity 32.52  fl  §  (965.0  c.c.) 

Specific  gravity 1029.6 

Urea 688.98  grains,  44.641  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 321.52  u  20.832        " 

Uric  acid 9.21  "  0.597        " 

Phosphoric  acid 66.30  "  4.296        " 

Sulphuric  acid 32.66  "  2.116 

Chloride  of  sodium 28.78  "  1.865        " 

This  urine  presented  a  faint  deposit,  like  mucus,  which  contained  a 
moderate  number  of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime,  with  a  few  granules 
of  amorphous  nrates. 


DELATIONS    OF   UKEA   TO    EXERCISE.  37 

FAECES. 

Quantity 5.03  oz.  av.      142.5      grammes. 

Nitrogen 21.01  grains,         1.750        " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined. .  .348.53      "  22.582        " 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  fasces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food . .  240.86    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 1.336     " 

Weight  (naked) 114  Ibs.  (51  k.  704  grammes.) 

Temperature  under  the  tongue 96.6°  (35.9°  C.) 

Pulse 68. 

[  Eespirations 18. 


10.40  P.  M.      <j 


November  25^,  Fifth  Day. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  twenty-four  hours  of 
November  25th : 

12  00  to    9  56  A.  M.     9  h.  and  56  in.  rest  before  starting,  with  1  h.  30  m. 
of  November  24th,  make  11  h.  26  m.  rest  for  the 
night  of  November  24th  and  25th. 
9  56  to  10  11     "        15  in.  walking  1  mile. 
10  11  to  10  16     "        5  minutes'  rest  in  room. 
10  16  to  10  58     "        42  m.  walking  3  miles,  with  1  m.  for  urination. 

10  58  to  11  21     "        23  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

11  21  to  11  52     "       31  m.  walking  2f  miles. 

11  52  to  12  42  P.  M.     50  minutes'  rest  in  room. 

12  42  to    1     1     "        19  m.  walking  If  mile,  with  30  sec.  for  urination. 

1  1  to    2  39     "        1  hour  38  minutes'  rest  in  room. 

2  39  to    4  19     "        1  h.  40  m.  walking  7  miles,  with  25  sec.  for  urination. 
4  19  to    4  34     "        15  minutes'  rest  in  room. 

4  34  to    6  19     "        1  h.  and  45  m.  walking  8  miles,  with  2  stops  for 
urination,  averaging  29£  sec.  each. 

6  19  to    7  43     "        1  hour  and  24  minutes'  rest  in  room. 

7  43  to    9  32     "        1  h.  and  49  m.  walking  9  miles,  with  40  sec.  for  uri- 

nation. 

9  32  to    9  50     "        18  minutes1  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 
9  50  to  11  31     "        1  h.  and  41  m.  walking  7  miles,  with  2  stops  for 

urination,  averaging  25  sec.  each. 
11  31  to  11  41     ;t       10  minutes'  rest,  sitting  on  the  track. 

11  41  to  12  00  M.        19  m.  walking  1£  miles. 

During  the  twenty-four  hours  of  November  25th,  Mr.  Weston  walked 
40|  miles  in  9  h.  and  1  ra.,  including  4  m.  and  24  sec.  for  urination.  His 
walking  time  was  8  h.  56  m.  and  36  sec.,  averaging  a  fraction  more  than 
4£  miles  per  hour.  He  had  51  minutes'  rest  sitting  on  the  track,  and  14 
h.  and  8  m.  rest  in  his  room.  He  urinated  on  the  track  7  times.  After 

12  M.,  he  was  in  remarkably  fine  condition.     He  made  several  rounds  in 
less  than  1  minute,  one  round  in  54  sec.,  on  his  thirtieth  mile,  which  was 


38         RELATIONS  OF  UKEA  TO  EXERCISE. 

done  in  8  ra.  32  sec.  He  walked  about  1  mile  from  12  to  12.15  A.  M.,  No- 
vember 26th.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  walk,  he  was  in  the  best  of  health 
and  spirits.  He  slept,  during  the  twenty-four  hours,  9  hours  and  26  min- 
utes. 

Walking  40£  miles. . .     8  h.       56  m.       36  sec. 

Urination 4  "        24    " 

Kest  on  the  track 51  " 

Rest  in  his  room . .     .  14  h.         8  " 


22  h.     119  in.       60  sec. =24  hours. 

TOTAL   MILES    WALKED. 

Nov.  21st 80  miles. 

"     22d. 48     " 

"     23d 92      " 

"     24th 57     " 

"     25th 40     a 


miles. 

In  going  thirty-two  times  to  his  room,  Mr.  Weston  walked,  in  addition 
to  the  above,  0.883  of  a  mile.  From  midnight,  November  25th,  to  12.15 
A.  M.,  November  26th,  he  walked  1|  miles,  to  complete  his  five  days.  This, 
with  the  few  feet  to  the  urinal,  makes  about  320  miles  in  five  consecutive 
days. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Roast  beef 3.00  45.94 

Chicken 11.00  168.44 

Beef-essence. 9.54  36.31 

Eggs 4.14  34.41 

Milk 9.78  28.24 

Bread 9.00  42.52 

Potatoes 4.00  5.77 

Oatmeal-gruel 3.39  1.28 

Butter 1.25  3.50 

Sugar...- 2.37  00.00 

Tomatoes 3.12  00.00 

Coffee 27.27  13.12 

Tea 40.08  3.51 

Lemonade 52.00  00.00 

Water 5.00  00.00 

Salt 0.08  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 


185.07  383.04 

(5,246.09  grammes.)    (24.818  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (11  Ibs.,  9T£7  oz.) 

Liquids (  9  Ibs.,  7Tf-o  oz.) 


RELATIONS  OF  UKEA  TO  EXERCISE.         39 

Analyses  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

URINE. 

Quantity  ............................  43.60  fl  f  (1,290.0  c.  c.) 

Specific  gravity  ...................  :  .  .  .  1022.6 

Urea  ................................  657.02  grains,  42.570  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea  .....................  306.61  "  19.866        " 

Uric  acid  ............................  0.57  "  0.037        " 

Phosphoric  acid  ......................  57.49  "  3.725         " 

Sulphuric  acid  .......................  40.84  "  2.646 

Chloride  of  sodium  ....................  64.50  "  4.179 

This  urine  presented  a  whitish,  grumous  sediment,  rather  copious,  which 
contained  a  few  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime,  with  a  few  granules  of 
amorphous  phosphates. 


Quantity  ...........................     4.87  oz.  av.      138.0      grammes. 

Nitrogen  ............................  26.16  grains,         1.695        " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined.  .  .332.77      "  21.561         " 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food  .  .  84.27    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea.  ...........................   0.087     " 


1.30  A.  M., 

Nov.  26th. 


Weight  (naked) 115.75  Ibs.  (52  k.  497  grammes.) 

Temperature  under  the  tongue 97.9°  (36.6°  C.) 

Pulse 80. 

Respirations 20. 


Third  Period. — Five  Days  after  the  Walk. 

Notwithstanding  the  immense  muscular  and  nervous  strain 
to  which  Mr.  Weston  had  subjected  himself  for  the  past  five 
days,  culminating  on  the  fourth  day  in  complete  prostration 
of  the  nervous  system,  he  sat  up,  talked  and  joked  with  his 
friends  until  1.40  A.  M.,  November  26th,  then  went  to  bed, 
and  slept  well  until  10  A.  M.  He  then  got  up,  feeling  splen- 
didly ;  wakening  his  attendants,  who  were  almost  exhausted 
by  the  five  days'  labor  and  watching,  and  called  for  his  break- 
fast, which  he  ate  at  11.45,  with  excellent  appetite.  For  the 
succeeding  five  days,  he  felt  as  well  as  ever.  During  these 
five  days,  he  did  absolutely  nothing  but  eat,  sleep,  and  amuse 
himself,  attending  to  no  business.  He  took  no  exercise,  walk- 
ing only  about  two  miles  a  day,  though  he  said  he  felt  as  if  he 
could  walk  one  hundred  miles  any  day  without  difficulty.  The 
history  of  this  period  closed  our  investigations. 


40 


EELATIONS    OF   UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 


November  26th,  first  Day. 

Mr.  Weston  slept  well.  He  took  breakfast  at  11.45  A.  M., 
and  dinner  at  6.45  p.  M.  He  smoked  during  the  day,  six  cigars. 
He  walked  two  miles.  He  slept,  during  the  twenty-four  hours, 
8  hours  and  20  minutes. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Turkey 7.50  114.84 

Chicken 5.12  78.40 

Fish 3.50  53.59 

Eggs 4.14  34.41 

Milk 2.06  5.95 

Custard 3.25  18.20 

Ice-cream 3,50  19.60 

Bread 7.75  36.62 

Potatoes 5.00  7.22 

Butter 1.88  5.26 

Sugar... 0.88  00.00 

Cauliflower 3.00  00.00 

Cranberries 5.00  00.00 

Celery 1.00  00.00 

Lettuce. 1.25  00.00 

Grapes- 1.00  00.00 

Apples 5.00  00.00 

Coffee 24.24  11.56 

Lemonade- 14.68;  00.00 

Water 30.00  00.00 

Salt _ 0.15  00.00 

Pepper 0.05  00.00 

129.95  385.65 

(3,683.63  grammes.)    (24.98T  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (8  Ibs.,    1^  oz.) 

Liquids (2  Ibs.,  14^  oz.) 

Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 
URINE. 

Quantity 31.59  fl  g      (937.5  c.  c.) 

Specific  gravity 1025.8 

Urea 593.23  grains,  38.437  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 276.84      "       17.937        u 

Uric  acid 0.48      "         0.031 

Phosphoric  acid 29.06      "         1.883        " 

Sulphuric  acid 49.53       "         3.209        " 

Chloride  of  sodium 66.41       u         4.303        " 

This  urine  presented  a  rather  heavy,  wiritish  sediment,  in  considerable 
quantity,  which  contained  numerous  granules  of  the  amorphous  urates, 
with  a  very  few  octabedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 


41 


FAECES. 

Quantity 3.51  oz.  av.        99.5      grammes. 

Nitrogen 18.86  grains,         1.222         " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined.  ..295.70      u            19.159        " 
Nitrogen  of  urea  and  freces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food . .  76.68    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.081     " 

f  "Weight  (naked) 118  Ibs.  (53  k.  518  grammes.) 

12.10  A.  M.,     j  Temperature  under  the  tongue 98.6°  (37°  C.) 

Nov.  27th.     "j  Pulse 76. 

^  Respirations 22. 

November  %lth,  Second  Day. 

Mr.  Weston  slept  well.  He  took  breakfast  at  10  A.  M.  ; 
dinner  at  2  P.  M.  ;  and  supper  at  6.45  p.  M.  He  smoked  during 
the  day,  seven  cigars.  He  walked  about  two  miles.  He  slept, 
during  the  twenty-four  hours,  8  hours  and  15  minutes. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Iwenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 5.00  76.56 

Roast  beef 2.50  38.28 

Turkey 9.00  137.81 

Head-cheese 1.50  14.70 

Eggs 4.14  34.41 

Milk 5.14  14.87 

Bread 16.15  76.31 

Cheese 1.13  20.28 

Potatoes 10.25  14.82 

Oysters 3.90  36.34 

Ice-cream 2.88  16.13 

Butter 2.75  7.70 

Sugar 1.56  00.00 

Tomatoes 5.25  00.00 

Cranberries 4.50  00.00 

Preserves 4.75  00.00 

Catsup 0.42  00.00 

Coffee 19.19  9.23 

Tea 19.04  1.66 

Molasses-and- Water...       21.45  00.00 

Water 40.00  .  00.00 

Salt 0.05  00.00 

Pepper 0.06  00.00 

180.61  499.10 

(5,119.66  grammes.)    (32.338  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (11  Ibs.,  4^V  oz.) 

Liquids (6  Ibs.,  8^  oz.) 


42  RELATIONS    OF   UREA   TO    EXERCISE. 

Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

URINE. 

Quantity 46.14  fl  |  (1,365.0  c.  c.) 

Specific  gravity 1024.4 

Urea 716.29  grains,  46.410  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 334.27      "  21.658         " 

Uric  acid 0.52       "  0.034        " 

Phosphoric  acid 46.93       "  3.041         " 

Sulphuric  acid 46.07       "  2.985         " 

Chloride  of  sodium 170.64      "  11.056 

This  urine  presented  a  slight  sediment  of  a  whitish  appearance,  which 
contained  a  few  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime,  and  a  few  groups  of  small 
crystals  of  uric  acid. 

FAECES. 

Quantity 4.57  oz.  av.      129.5      grammes. 

Nitrogen 24.54  grains,          1.590         " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined... 358.81      "  23.248        " 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food . .  71.81    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.072     " 


11.  P.  M. 


f  Weight  (naked) 120.25  Ibs.  (54  k.  539  grammes.) 

I  Temperature  under  the  tongue 98.4°  (36.9°  C.) 

1  Pulse 73. 

[  Respirations 22. 

November  28£A,  Third  Day. 

Mr.  Weston  slept  well.  He  took  breakfast  at  8.50  A.  M.  ; 
dinner  at  4.15  p.  M.  ;  and  supper  at  7.45  p.  M.  He  smoked 
during  the  da}7,  five  cigars.  He  walked  about  two  miles.  He 
slept,  during  the  twenty-four  hours,  8  hours  and  50  minutes. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 9.37  143.48 

Oysters 5.62  53.37 

Eggs 4.14  34.41 

Milk 9.27  26.76 

Cream-cakes 3.37  18.97 

Bread 11.62  54.80 

Cheese 1.25  22.53 

Potatoes 11.00  15.88 

Butter 2.75  7.70 

Sugar 2.78  00.00 

Tomatoes . .  3.75  00.00 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.        43 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Sweet  pickles 2.18  00.00 

Apples 3.12  00.00 

Grapes 2.75  00.00 

Coffee 32.32  15.53 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Salt 0.06  00.00 

Pepper 0.06  00.00 

Vinegar 0.25  00.00 


121.69  394.83 

(3,449.49  grammes.)    (25.582  grammes.) 
Total  ingesta  .........   (7  Ibs.,  9^  oz.) 

Liquids  ...............   (3  Ibs.,  9T8^  oz.) 


Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty  -four  Hours. 

UKINE. 

Quantity  ............................  84.18  fl  §  (2,490.0  c.  c.) 

Specific  gravity  ......................  1019.7 

Urea  ...............................  768.61  grains,  49.800  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea  .....................  358.68       "  23.240        " 

Uric  acid  ............................  0.31       "  0.020         " 

Phosphoric  acid  ......................  105.68       u  6.847         " 

Sulphuric  acid  ........  .  ..............  53.57      "  3.471         " 

Chloride  of  sodium  ...................  622.58       "  40.338         " 

This  urine  presented  a  slight  sediment  of  a  whitish  appearance,  which 
contained  a  few  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime,  and  a  few  groups  of  small 
crystals  of  uric  acid. 

FAECES. 
Quantity  ...........................     9.53  oz.  av.     270.0      grammes. 

Nitrogen  ...........................  51.19  grains,          3.316         " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  fa9ces  combined  .  ..409.87      "  26.556         " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food  .  .  103.81    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea  ..................  .  .......     0.040      u 

f  Weight  (naked)  .........  120.25  Ibs.  (54  k.  539  grammes.) 

j  Temperature  under  the  tongue  .........   99.3°  (37.4°  C.) 

Pulse  ................................   70. 

[  Respirations  ..........................  22. 


10.30  P.  M.      -j 


November  Z$th,  Fourth  Day. 

Mr.  Western  slept  well.  He  took  breakfast  at  9.35  A.  M.  ; 
dinner  at  2  p.  M.  ;  supper  at  6.30  A.  M.  ;  and  a  second  supper 
(which  weighed  3  Ibs.,  6.Y5  oz.  av.)  at  11.15  p.  M.  He  smoked 
five  cigars  during  the  day.  He  walked  about  two  miles.  He 
slept,  during  the  twenty-four  hours,  7  hours  and  35  minutes. 


44 


RELATIONS    OF   UREA   TO    EXERCISE. 


Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  Drink  for  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak . .  4.25  65.08 

Eoast  beef 2.75  42.11 

Chicken 15.00  229.69 

Eggs 4.14  34.41 

Milk 6.25  18.05 

Bread 18.63  88.03 

Potatoes 13.50  20.59 

Cheese 1.00  18.03 

Bice-pudding 14.75  77.15 

Butter 5.12  14.33 

Sugar 2.12  00.00 

Tomatoes 7.38  00.00 

Tomato-soup 8.00  00.00 

Celery , 1.00  00.00 

Figs 2.37  9.54 

Apples 7.00  00.00 

Coffee 48.48  23.30 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Water 10.00  00.00 

Salt 0.16  00.00 

Pepper 0.08  00.00 

188.01  641.71 

(5.329.43  grammes.)    (41.578  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (11  Ibs.,  12yi¥  oz.) 

Liquids (5  Ibs.,    8^  oz.) 

Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty-four  Hours. 

URINE. 

Quantity 60.38  fl|      (1,786.0  c.  c.) 

Specific  gravity 1022.5 

Urea 744.32  grains,  48.226  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 347.35       "        22.505        " 

Uric  acid 2.51       "          0.163         " 

Phosphoric  acid 50.76       "         3.289        " 

Sulphuric  acid 48.73       "          3.157         " 

Chloride  of  sodium 297.70      "        19.288        " 

This  urine  presented  hardly  any  sediment.     The  microscopical  exami 
nation  was  entirely  negative. 

FAECES. 

Quantity 6.61  oz.  av.  187.5      grammes. 

Nitrogen 35.54  grains,  2.303         " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined.  ..382.89      "  24.808        " 


RELATIONS    OF   UREA   TO   EXERCISE.  45 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food . .  59.67    parts. 
Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.337     " 

f  Weight 1  (naked) 123.5  Ibs.  (56  k.  13  grammes.) 

12.20  A.  M.,     J  Temperature  under  the  tongue 98.8°  (37.1°  C.) 

Nov.  30th.     I  Pulse 78. 

[  Respirations 24. 


November  30^,  Fifth  Day. 

Mr.  Western  slept  well.  He  took  breakfast  at  9.15  A.  M.  ; 
dinner  at  1.45  P.  M.  ;  and  supper  at  6.15  p.  M.  He  smoked 
during  the  day,  six  cigars.  He  walked  about  three  miles.  He 
had  a  headache  all  the  evening.  He  slept,  during  the  twenty- 
four  hours,  7  hours  and  45  minutes.  The  records  were  closed 
at  midnight. 

Weights  and  Analyses  of  Food  and  DrinTcfor  the  Twenty-four  Hours. 

Oz.  Av.  Nitrogen,  in  grains. 

Beefsteak 1.88  28.79 

Roast  beef 3.37  51.60 

Fish 3.00  45.94 

Milk 5.66  16.34 

Bread 21.00  99.22 

Potatoes 5.94  8.58 

Butter 4.12  11.54 

Sugar 1.88  00.00 

Tomatoes 3.12  00.00 

Tomato-soup 8.00  00.00 

Figs 2.06  8.29 

Preserved  citron 2.25  00.00 

Coffee 24.24  11.65 

Tea 16.03  1.40 

Salt 0.06  00.00 

Pepper 0.06  00.00 


102.67  283.35 

(2,910.34  grammes.)    (18.359  grammes.) 

Total  ingesta (6  Ibs.,    6^02.) 

Liquids (2  Ibs.,  15TV3o  oz.) 

1  This  great  increase  in  weight  is  accounted  for  by  3  Ibs.  6.75  oz.  of  food 
taken  at  11.15  P.  M. 


46  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

Analysis  of  Excretions  of  Twenty -four  Hours. 

I7KINE. 

Quantity ' 68.39  fl  |  (2,023.0  c.  c.) 

Specific  gravity 1022.6 

Urea 811.48  grains,  52.598  grammes. 

Nitrogen  in  urea 378.69       "  24.546         " 

Uric  acid 3.30      "  0.214        " 

Phosphoric  acid 52.00       "  3.364        " 

Sulphuric  acid 47.20       u  3.058         " 

Chloride  of  sodium 404.65       "  26.218 

This  urine  presented  a  cloudy  sediment  in  moderate  quantity,  which 
contained  a  moderate  number  of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate  of  lime. 

FJECES. 

Quantity 7.41  oz.  av.      210.0      grammes. 

Nitrogen 39.80  grains,         2.579         " 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces  combined.  ..418.49      u  27.125         u 

Nitrogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food . .  147.69    parts. 
.Uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea 0.406     u 

Weight  (naked) 120.75  Ibs.  (54  k.  765  grammes.) 

Temperature  under  the  tongue 97.5°  (36.4°  0.) 

Pulse 76. 

Respirations 24. 


CONSOLIDATED    TABLES. 

I  propose  to  present,  in  a  series  of  consolidated  tables,  the 
complete  history  of  the  fifteen  days,  divided,  as  before,  into 
three  periods  of  five  days  each,  in  the  form  in  which  they  will 
be  made  use  of  in  Part  II.  in  making  the  final  deductions.  I 
present  them  in  this  form  complete,  so  that  all  or  any  part 
of  them  may  serve  as  material  for  others.  The  cutaneous 
and  pulmonary  exhalations  are  estimated  by  subtracting  the 
weight  of  urine  and  faeces  from  the  weight  of  ingesta  ;  to  this 
result  adding  any  loss  of  weight,  or  subtracting  from  it  any 
gain  in  the  weight  of  the  body  during  the  twenty-four  hours. 

The  weights  are  given  in  pounds  and  ounces  avoirdupois, 
and  in  grains  troy.  The  equivalents  in  French  weights  are 
given  in  parentheses : 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA   TO    EXERCISE. 

TABLE  A(1). 

TVeight,    Temperature,    IPialse,   etc. 
First  Period— Five  Days  lefore  the  Walk. 


47 


1st  Day, 
Nov.  16th. 

2d  Day, 
Nov.  17th. 

3d  Day, 
Nov.  18th. 

4th  Day, 
Nov.  19th. 

5th  Day, 
Nov.  20th. 

Weight  of  the  body  (naked). 
Temperature  under  tongue.  . 

Pulse  (sitting  and  tranquil). 
Respirations         " 
Weights  of  ingesta  

120.5  Ibs. 
(54k.655gr.) 
99.7°  Fahr. 
(37.6°  C.) 
75 
20 
122.99  oz. 

(3ffl.r'> 
*$&£* 

(2.189.09  gr.) 
7  h.  30  m. 
15 

121.25  Ibs. 
(55  kilogr.) 
98.4"  Fahr. 
(36.9°  C.) 
73 
20 
105.43  oz. 
(2,987.92  gr.) 
43.73  oz. 
(1,287.95  gr.) 
49.70  oz. 
(1,354.97  gr.) 
6  h.  40  m. 
5 

120  Ibs. 

98°  'Fahr.' 
(36.7°  C.) 
71 
20 
86.56  oz. 
(2,453.67  gr.) 
51.98  oz. 
(1.531.  53  gr.) 
54.58  OZ. 
(1,497.  14  gr.) 

5' 

118.5  Ibs. 
(53k.745gr.) 
99.1°  Fair. 
(37.3°  C.) 
78 
23 
86.19  oz. 
(2,443.  19  gr.) 
36.51  oz. 
(1,076.50  gr.) 
73.58  oz. 
(2,046.69  gr.) 
7  h.  15  m. 
15 

119.2  Ibs. 

(54  k.  62  gr.) 
99.5°  Fahr. 
(37.5°  C.) 
93 
25 
101.34  oz. 
(2,872.63  gr.) 
38.83  oz. 
(1,188.96  gr.) 
51.51  oz. 
(1,  366.67  gr.) 
10  h. 
1 

Weights  of  urine  and  faeces. 

Estimated  cutaneous  and  | 
pulmonary  exhalation     j 
Number  of  hours  of  sleep.  .  . 
Number  of  miles  walked  

TABLE  BfJ>. 
"Weights  and.  Analyses  of  Food,  and  iDrinli. 

First  Period — Five  Days  before  the  Walk. 


IBT  DAT, 

2o  DAT, 

3D  DAT, 

4-TH  DAT, 

STH  DAT, 

NOV.   16TH. 

Nov.  17TH. 

Nov.  18TH. 

Nov.  19TH. 

Nov.  20-TH. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity  in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 

Grains. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 

Grains. 

Meats...  N.  3.50  p.  c. 

15.25 

233.52 

10.50 

160.78 

10.37 

158.79 

14.01 

214.52 

18.25 

279.45 

Eggs  N.  1.90 
Milk  N.0.66 

2.76 
7.21 

22,94 
20.82 

4.14 
4.63 

34.41 
13.37 

2.76 
7.21 

22.94 

20.82 

4.14 
4.38 

34.41 
12.65 

6.90 
11.33 

57.35 
32.71 

Bread....  N.I.  08 

9.88 

47.48 

8.50 

40.16 

7.75 

36.62 

10.25 

48.43 

8.88 

41.96 

Pot  atoes.N.  0.33 

8.25 

11.99 

10.00 

14.44 

5.13 

7.41 

0.88 

1.27J 

3.00 

4.33 

Butter.  .  .  .N.  0.64 

2.12 

5.94 

2.95 

8.26 

3.13 

8.76 

2.43 

6.80 

2.75 

7.70 

Coffee...  N.  0.11 

35.60 

17.13 

32.32 

15.53 

32.32 

15.53 

32.32 

15.53 

32.32 

15.53 

Tea  N.0.02    " 

16.03 

1.40 

16.03 

1.40 

16.03 

1.40 

16.03 

1.40 

16.03 

1.40 

Non-nitrogenized    | 
matters          j 

25.89 

16.36 

1.86 

1.75 

1.88 

Total 

122  99 

361  22 

105  43 

288  35 

86  56 

272  27 

86  19 

335  01 

101  34 

440  43 

Total  in  grammes. 

3,492.17 

23.404 

2,987.92 

18.682 

2,453.67 

17.641 

2,443.19 

21.706 

2,872.63 

28.536 

Average  of  five  days,  quantity  of  food  and  drink 100.50  oz. 

"                     "               2,848.82   grammes. 

Nitrogen              "              339.46  grains. 

"                        "                    "              21.994  grammes. 


48 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 


rfO.J..    3    ••:.       3       >    -C 

° «     2 

,JO       Scj^     Q.  x-v 

illiiilslllllls 


e^:  e 


!!  'L= 


fc! 


E83 

GQ 


° 


'L 


'L 


cJ      g 


oo^ 


fg 


^ 


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945) 


^3      'O 
8      5 


1       ^ 
£     g 


RELATIONS    OF    UKEA   TO    EXERCISE. 


49 


TABLE  A(2). 

"Weiglit,  Temperature,  liaise,  etc. 
Second  Period — Five  Days  of  ike  Walk. 


1st  Day, 
Nov.  21st. 

2d  Day, 
Nov.  22d. 

3d  Day, 

Nov.  23d. 

4th  Day, 
Nov.  24th. 

5th  Day,  1 
Nov.  25th. 

Estimated. 

Weight  of  the  body  

116.5  Ibs. 

116.25  Ibs. 

115  Ibs. 

114  Ibs. 

115.75  Ibs. 

Temperature  under  tongue. 

(52k.  838gr.) 
95.3°  Fahr. 

(52k.  724gr.) 
94.8°  Fahr. 

(52k.  157gr.) 
96.6°  Fahr. 

(51k.  704-jrr.) 
96.6°  Fahr. 

(52k.  497gr.) 
97.9°  Fahr. 

(35.3°  C.) 

(34.9°  C.) 

(35.9°  C.) 

(35.9°  C.) 

(36.6°  C.) 

Pulse  (sitting  and  tranquil). 

98      ' 

93 

109 

68 

80 

Respirations         " 

20 

23 

22 

18 

20 

Weights  of  ingesta  

186.25  oz. 

165.81  oz. 

171.14  oz. 

149.07  oz. 

185.07  oz. 

Weights  of  urine  and  faeces. 

(5,282.38  gr.) 
48.09  oz. 

(4,700.  13  gr.) 
42.54  oz. 

(4,851.  22  gr.) 
41.88  oz. 

(4,225.61  gr.) 
38.51  oz. 

(5,246.09  gr.) 
49.45  oz. 

Estimated  cutaneous  and  I 

(1,416.  61  gr.) 
181.36  oz. 

(1,245.73  gr.) 
127.27  oz. 

(1,239.00  gr.) 
149.26  oz. 

(1,136.06  gr.) 
126.56  oz. 

(1,467.15  gr.) 
107.62  oz. 

pulmonary  exhalation      f 

(5,089.78  gr.) 

(3,568.40  gr.) 

(4,179.22  gr.) 

(3,542.55  gr.) 

(2,995.94  gr.) 

Number  of  hours  of  sleep.  .  . 

Ih. 

4h.  28m. 
dozed  5h. 

30rn.< 

Ih. 

9h.  26m. 

Number  of  miles  walked  

80 

48 

92 

57 

40.5 

Walking-time 

16h.  8m.  3s. 

10h.23m.33s. 

20h.  8m.  43s. 

12h.30m.34s. 

8h.56m.36e. 

Rate  per  hour 

ab't  5  miles 

4.62  miles 

ab't4.5mirs 

4.5  miles 

ab't  4.5  m'ls 

Urination             .... 

6m.  45s. 

2m.  27s. 

7m.  47s. 

5m.  26s. 

4m.  24s. 

Defecation  

5m.  12s. 

6m. 

none 

3m. 

off  the  track 

Rest  on  the  track 

1  m. 

39m. 

Ih.  32m.  30s. 

41m. 

51m. 

Best  off  the  track  

7h.  23m. 

12h.  49m. 

2h.  llm. 

14h.  8m. 

14h.  8m. 

TABLE  B(2). 
"Weights  and.  Analyses  of*  IToocL  and.  Drink. 

Second  Period — Five  Days  of  the  Walk. 


IST  DAT, 

Nov.  21sT. 

2i>  DAT, 
Nov.  22o. 

3D  DAT, 
Nov.  23o. 

4TH  DAT, 
Nov.  24TH. 

STH  DAT, 
Nov.  25TH. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity  in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Meats...  N.  3.50  p.  c. 
Esrgs  N.1.90    " 
Milk  N.0.66    " 
Bread..  .N.  1.08    " 

2,00 
6.90 
5.66 
1.25 

2.63 
67.67 
16.03 

84.11 

30.62 
57.35 
16.34 
5.91 

7.86 
32.57 
1.40 

6.25 

8.28 
5.66 
10.50 

2.00 
0.50 

1      57.82 
38.08 

36.72 

95.70 
68.82 
16.34 
49.61 

2.89 
1.40 
27.83 
3.33 

8.28 
6.18 
1.50 

22.26 

6.78 

0.50 
95.95 

29.69 

68.82 
17.84 
7.09 

84.73 
2.55 

i'.40 

46.18 

1.62 

8.75 
6.62 

10.33 

7.92 

38.38 
30.06 

45.39 

24.81 

25.27 
31.28 

39.32 
2.92 

18.47 
2.63 

14.00 
4.14 
9.78 
9.00 

9.54 

3.39 
4.00 
1.25 

27.27 
40.08 

62.62 

214.38 
34.41 
28.24' 
42.52 

36.31 

1.28 

5.77 
3.50 
13.12 
3.51 

383.04 
24.818 

Beef  -  es- 
sence.. N.  0.87    " 
Oatmeal  -   - 
gruel..  N.  0.086  " 
Potatoes.N.  0.33    " 
Butter...  N.  0.64    " 
Coffee...  N.  0.11    " 
Tea  N.0.02    " 
Non  -   nitrogenized 
matters  

Total      

186.25 
5,282.38 

151.55 
9.820 

165.81 
4,700.13 

265.92 
17.229 

171.14 
4,851.22 

228.61 
14.812 

149.07 
4,225.61 

144.70 
9.376 

185.07 
5,246.09, 

Total  in  grammes. 

Average  of  five  days,  quantity  of  food  and  drink 171.47   oz. 

"                                     4,860.57  grammes. 

Nitrogen                                234.76   grains. 

13.211  grammes. 


50 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 


-X 


§  •    g 


°  « 


. 
(13 
26. 
(1. 


.^a 


o     a 


°a 


• 

• 

: 

:     :     i 

• 

• 

: 

:     :     : 

:    • 

;       ;       I 

f! 

1 

S 

|  | 

J     !   j   | 

oJ     *o      ^      c 

.2   §  ^   ' 

till 

a 
.?.    2 


2 

fcfix-V 

Si 


.-S     'S 

O 


EELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 


51 


TABLE  A(3). 

"Weight,    Temperature,    IPialse,    etc. 
Third  Period— Five  Days  after  the  Walk. 


1st  Day, 
Nov.  26th. 

118  Ibs. 
(53k.  518gr.) 
98.6°  Fahr. 

(arc, 

22 
129.95  oz. 
(3,083.63  gr.) 
35.91  oz. 
(1,061.  19  gr.) 
58.04  oz. 
(1,601.44  gr.) 
8h.  20tn. 

2d  Day, 
Nov.  27th. 

3d  Day, 
Nov.  28th. 

120.25  Ibs. 
(54k.  539srr.) 
99.3°  Fahr. 
(37.4°  C.) 
70 
22 
121.69  oz. 
(3,449.49  gr.) 
95.37  oz. 
(2,809.25  gr.) 
26.32  oz. 
(640.24  gr.) 
8h.  50m. 
2 

4th  Day, 
Nov.  29th. 

123.5  Ibs. 
(56k.  13gr.) 
98.8°  Fahr. 
(37.1°  C.) 
78      ' 
24 
188.01  oz. 
(5,329.43  gr.) 
68.36  oz. 
(2,013.  68  gr.) 
67.65  oz. 
(1,841.75  gr.) 
7h.  35m. 
2 

5th  Day, 

Nov.  30th. 

Weight  of  the  body     .... 

120.25  Ibs. 
(54k.  539gr.) 
98.4°  Fahr. 
(36.9°  C.) 
73 
22 
180.61  oz. 

(5Sfof> 
(1,527.81  gr.) 
92.77  oz. 

(2,570.85  gr.) 
8h.  15m. 
2 

120.75  Ibs. 
(54k.  765gr.) 
97.5°  Fahr. 
(36.4°  C.) 
76 
24 
102.67  oz. 
(2,910.34  gr.) 
77.34  oz. 
(2,278.  72  gr.) 
69.33  oz. 
(1,  879.62  gr.) 
7h.  45m. 
3 

Temperature  under  tongue. 

Pulse  (sitting  and  tranquil). 
Respirations          " 
Weights  of  ingesta  

Weights  of  urine  and  faeces. 

Estimated  cutaneous  and  I 
pulmonary  exhalation      j 
Number  of  hours  of  sleep.  .  . 
Number  of  miles  walked.  .  . 

TABLE  W\ 

"Weights  and.  .Analyses  of  ITood.  and.  Drink. 
Third  Period— Five  Days  after  the  Walk. 


IST  DAT, 

2D  DAT, 

3D  DAT, 

4TH  DAT, 

5xH  DAT, 

Nov.  26TH. 

Nov.  27TH. 

Nov.  28TH. 

Nov.  29TH. 

Nov.  30iH. 

Quan- 
tity  in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity   in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity  in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity  in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains. 

Quan- 
tity in 
Oz. 

Nitro- 
gen in 
Grains 

Meats  ...N.  3.50  p.  c. 

16.12 

246.88 

16.50 

252.65 

9.37 

143.48 

22.00 

336.88 

8.25 

l«fc 

Eggs  N.  1.90    " 

4.14 

34.41 

4.14 

34.41 

4.14 

34.41 

4.14 

34.41 

Milk....  N.0.66    " 

2.06 

5.95| 

5.14!      14.87! 

9.27 

26.76 

6.25 

18.05 

5.66 

16  c 

Custard..  N.  1.28    " 

3.25 

18.201 

.  . 

Ice  cream  N.  1.28    u 

3.50 

19.60  1 

2.88 

16.18 

Cream- 

cakes..  N.I.  28    " 

3.37 

18.97 

Oysters..N.2.13    u 

3.90 

36.34 

5.62 

53.37 

.. 

V 

Rice-pud- 

ding..^. 1.18    u 

.. 

.. 

14.75 

77.15 

cheese.  N.  2.24    " 

1.50 

14.70 

.; 

1.00 

18.03 

Fi'.'s  N.  0.92    " 

2.37 

9.54 

2.06 

8  29 

Cueose...N.4.12    " 

1.13 

20.28| 

1.25 

22.53 

Bread....  N.  1.08    " 

7.75 

36.62 

16.15 

76.311 

11.62 

54.80 

18"  63 

88.03 

81.00 

99.  22 

Potatoes.  N.  0.33    " 

5.00 

7.22 

10.25 

14.82 

11.00 

15.88 

13.50 

20.59 

5.94 

8.58 

Butrer...N.0.64    " 

1.88 

5.26 

2.75 

7.70! 

2.75 

7.70 

5.12 

14.33 

4.12 

11.54 

Coffee...  N.  0.11    " 

24.24 

11.56 

19.19 

9.23 

32.32 

15.53 

48.48 

23.30 

24.24 

11.65 

Tea  N.0.02    " 

19.04 

1.66 

16.03 

1.40 

16.03 

1.40 

16.03 

1.40 

Non   -  nitrogenized 

matters  

62.01 

•• 

78.04 

14.95 

35.74 

15.37 

•• 

Total. 

129.95 

385.65 

180.61 

499.10 

121.69 

394.83 

188.01 

641.71 

102.67 

283.35 

Total  in  grammes. 

3,683.63 

24.987 

5,119.66 

32.338 

3,449.49 

25.582 

5,329.43 

41.578 

2,910.34 

1S.&59 

Average  for  five  days,  quantity  of  food  and  drink 144.59   oz. 

"                 4,098.62    grammes. 

Nitrogen                               440.93   grains. 

28.569  grammes. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 


.2  -^ 

H   f, 


I  K 


g«g  § 


life  IE 


,-HOocLo 


l 


•  ^5  •*  i-I 

TPC-SCI- 


'SI' 


1 


i 

1  1  I 


Quantity 
Nitrogen 


Si£ 

c  gj 


i 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

TABLE  D. 
3Daily  Averages  for  tlie  Three  ]?eriod.s. 

(French  weights  and  measures  in  parentheses.) 


53 


First  Period- 
Five  Days  before 
the  Walk. 

Second  Period- 
Five  Days  of  the 
Walk. 

Third  Period- 
Five  Days  after  the 
Walk. 

Weight                    

Loss  in  5  days  — 

Loss  in  5  days  — 

Gain  in  5  days 

Temperature                 

21.8  oz.  (593  gr.) 

Average  of  5  days  — 
99°  Fahr. 

55.2  oz.  (1,565  gr.) 
Loss  in  4  days— 
83.2  oz.  (2,358  gr.) 
Average  of  5  days— 
96.3°  Fahr. 

80  oz.  (2,268  gr.) 

Average  of  5  days— 
98  6°  Fahr 

Pulse 

(37.2°  C.) 

78 

(35.7°  C.) 
90 

(37*  C.) 

74 

22 

21 

'*                                      11  **TJ 

23 

Sleep                      

8  h.  5  m. 

3  h.  17  m. 

ll    "  0 

8h  29m 

Miles  walked       

8.2  miles 

63.5  miles 

2  2  miles 

100.50  oz. 

171.47  oz. 

144  59  oz 

(2,848.82  gr.) 
339.46  grains 

(4,860.57  gr.) 
234  76  grains 

(4,098.62  gr.) 
440  93  grains 

Cutaneous  and  pulmonary  ex- 
halation.         

(21.994) 
61.63  oz. 

(13.211) 
138.41  oz. 

(28.569) 
62  82  oz 

(1,690.91  gr.) 

(3,875.18  gr.) 

(1,706.78  gr.) 

UBINE. 
Quantity                  

37.84  fl.  oz. 

38.46  fl.  oz. 

58  14  fl  oz 

Specific  gravity 

(1,134.0  c.  c.) 
1024.9 

(1,138.0  c.  c.) 
1028.7 

(1,720.3  c.  c.) 
1023  0 

Urea 

628.24  grains 

722.16  grains 

728  79  grains 

Nitrogen  in  urea 

(40.705) 
293.18        " 

(46.803) 
337  01        " 

(47.094) 
339  17        " 

Uric  acid  

(18.729) 
2.26           " 

(21.841) 
3.00           " 

(21.977) 
1  42           " 

Phosphoric  acid               .... 

(0.127) 
50.14         " 

(0.194) 
76.63         " 

(0.082) 
56  89         " 

(3.262) 
41.57         " 

(4.965) 
53  50         " 

(3.674) 
49  02         " 

Chloride  of  sodium  

(2.693) 
159.45        " 
(10.331) 

(3.666) 
65.08 
(4.217) 

(3.176) 
312.40        " 
(20.241) 

F.ECES. 

Quantity  . 

4.08  oz. 

4.53  oz. 

6  33  oz 

Nitrogen 

(115.6) 
21.91  grains 

(128.3) 
24  32  grains 

(179.3) 
33  99  grains 

(1.421) 

(1.576) 

(2.202) 

Nitrogen  in  urea  and  faeces 
combined  

315.09  grains 

361.52  grains 

373.15  grains 

(20.149) 

(23.217) 

(24.179) 

Nit  rogen  of  urea  and  faeces  per 
100  pts.  of  Nitrogen  of  food 

95.53  parts 

174.81  parts 

91.  93  parts 

Uric  acid  per  100  pts.  of  urea. 

0.362  parts 

0.409  parts 

0.187  parts 

54  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXEKCISE. 

TABLE  E. 

Meteorological  Observations,  taken  at  the  Cooper  Union,  New  York  City, 

BY  PROF.   ORAN  W.   MORRIS. 


1870. 
MONTH 

AND 

DAY. 

BABOMETEK. 

THERMOMETER. 

(Fahrenheit.) 

Degree  of  Humidity. 
Saturation  represented 
by  100. 

WIND. 

SKY  AND 

AT- 
MOSPHEP.E. 

Daily  Readings 
corrected    and    re 
duced  to  32°  Fahr. 

Self-registering. 

4) 

ja 

p 

1 
§§ 

IB32 

General 
Di- 
rection. 

& 

i« 

!« 

1 

ii 

a? 

•J-t-5 

J  ° 

£ 
1 

A.M 

P.M. 

Nov. 

1 

in. 

in. 

in. 

Wed'day 

16 

30.06o 

29.817 

29.911 

46.0 

35.0 

11.0 

82.0 

40.60 

NW 

SW 

'Clear.  ' 

Thursday 

17 

30.146 

30.059 

30.099 

47.0 

37.0 

10.0 

78.0 

43.16 

W 

W 

Light 
clouds. 

Friday 

18 

19 
-20. 

29.931 

29.857 

29.895 

42.0 
36.0 
43.0 

29.0 

13.0 

42.5 

61.36 

SW 
W 
W 

W 
W 

Slight  r'in& 
slight  snow 
6.15  v.  si. 

Saturday 
Sunday 

29.907 

29.735 

29.827 

27.0 

9.0 

42.0 

56.66 

Snow  sq'lls. 
Clear  eve. 

29.950 

29.932 

29.942 

33.0 

10.0 

74.0 

43.20 

SW 

Clear  A.M.. 
Cloudy  eve 

Monday 

» 

30.167 

29.954 

30.029 

50.0 

38.0 

12.0 

60.0 

44.70 

SW 

W 

Cloudy. 

Tuesday 

28 

30.174 

29.623 

29.913 

48.0 

39.8 

9.0 

48.5 

73.70 

NE 

NE 

Rain  all  day. 
Gale  eve. 

Wed'day 

23 

29.763 

29.547 

29.624 

50.0 

36.0 

14.0 

72.0 

51.30 

i 
SW   W 

Light  cl'ds. 

Thursday 

24 
25 
2ti 

29.892 

29.832 

29.861 

44.0 

33.0 

11.0 

77.0 

43.46 

W 
W 

NW 

W 

Flying  cl'dt?. 

Friday 

30.044 

29.745 

29.879 

49.0 

39.0 

10.0 

79.3 

48.83 

SW 
NW 

Clear  A.  M. 
Cl'dy  &  rain 
10.15  P.  M. 

Saturday 

29.715 

29.477 

29.569 

50.0 

40.0 

10.0 

82.0 

63.13 

Rain  A.  M. 
Light  cl'ds. 

Sunday 

27 

29.914 

29.803 

29.846 

58.0 

42.0 

16.0 

89.0 

46.40 

W 

NW 

Clear.  2  me- 
teors eve. 

Monday 

28 

30.067 

30.054 

30.060 

58.0 

44.0 

1 

14.0 

90.0 

48.90 

NW 

SW 

Light  cl'ds. 

Tuesday 

29 

j  j 
30 

30.0a3 

29.811 

29.949 

62.0 

38.0 

24.0 

88.5 

60.76 

SW 

NW 
SE 

Light  cl'ds. 
Slight    rain 
evening. 

Wed'day 

30.277 

30.181 

30.221 

46.0 

34.0 

12.0 

80.0 

46.43 

NW 

Light  cl'ds. 
Clear  eve. 

The  height  of  the  cistern  of  the  barometer  is  considered  to  be  46  feet  above  tide-water. 
A  severe  gale  N.  E.,  and  very  high  tide,  on  the  22d. 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXEECISE. 


PAKT    II. 

Physiological  Deductions  from  the  Observations  taken  before, 
during,  and  after  the  WalJc  of  31 7^  Miles  in  Five  Con- 
secutive Days. 

THE  data  obtained  during  the  three  periods,  five  days  be- 
fore, five  days  during,  and  five  days  after  this  remarkable 
walk,  will  enable  me  to  come  to  very  definite  conclusions  with 
regard  to  certain  physiological  questions  of  interest,  particular- 
ly the  influence  of  muscular  exercise  upon  the  elimination  ot 
nitrogen.  With  regard  to  the  influence  of  this  excessive  and 
prolonged  exertion  upon  the  weight  of  the  body,  temperature, 
circulation,  respiration,  nervous  system,  etc.,  the  information 
is  necessarily  more  incomplete  and  indefinite.  I  shall,  how- 
ever, endeavor  to  make  use  of  all  of  the  facts  that  were  noted  ; 
though  the  main  object  was  to  study  the  relations  of  the 
nitrogen. 

The  phenomena  observed  relate  to  the  weight  of  the  body, 
and  the  temperature,  pulse,  and  respirations,  in  so  far  as  these 
conditions  were  modified  by  the  amount  of  exercise  and  sleep. 
Having  taken  daily  the  weights  of  the  ingesta,  the  excretions 
by  the  kidneys  and  intestines,  and  the  weight  of  the  body,  it 
was  possible  to  calculate  with  tolerable  accuracy  the  amount  of 
exhalation  from  the  lungs  and  skin. 

Weight  of  the  J3ody. 

It  is  well  known  that,  by  regulating  the  diet  and  exercise, 
the  weight  may  be  modified  within  certain  limits;  and  the 
system  of  training  employed  by  athletes  is  supposed  to  develop 
to  the  highest  possible  extent  the  muscular  power  and  endur- 
ance. The  principle  in  training  is,  in  brief,  to  regulate  the 
daily  exercise,  so  that  gradually  the  system  is  worked  daily  as 
much  as  can  be  endured  without  exhaustion ;  and  to  restrict 
the  diet  to  rare,  lean  meats,  stale  bread,  and  nitrogenized 
articles,  eliminating  fatty  matters  and  reducing  the  starchy 
principles  to  the  minimum.  By  this  process,  the  weight  is 
reduced  (for  professional  athletes  out  of  training  are  generally 
over-weight),  the  muscles  are  hardened,  nearly  all  the  fat 
disappears,  and  the  power  and,  within  limits,  the  endurance, 


56         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXEECISE. 

are  developed  to  the  maximum.  In  the  case  of  Mr.  Weston, 
no  rigid  system  of  training  was  adopted ;  but  the  variations 
in  weight  are  interesting,  in  view  of  the  great  variations  in 
his  diet  during  the  three  periods  and  the  immense  differences 
in  the  amount  of  exercise  taken. 

When  the  investigations  were  begun,  at  midnight,  No- 
vember 15th,  the  weight  was  120.5  Ibs.  (54  k.  655  grammes). 
At  the  end  of  the  five  days  it  had  been  reduced  to  119.2  Ibs. 
(54  k.  62  grammes).  The  lightest  weight  during  this  period 
was  on  the  fourth  day,  when  it  was  118.5  Ibs.  (53  k.  745 
grammes).  On  the  second  day,  the  weight  increased  to  121.25 
Ibs.  (55  kilos.). 

First  Period,  Five  Days  before  the  Walk. — On  the  first 
day,  the  weight  being  unchanged,  Mr.  Weston  walked  fifteen 
miles;  he  took  122.99  oz.  (3.492. 17  grammes)  of  food- and 
drink,  containing  361.22  grains  (23.404  grammes)  of  nitrogen. 
He  discharged  44.20  oz.  (1,303.08  grammes)  in  the  urine  and 
faeces,  and  78.79  oz.  (2,189.09  grammes)  by  the  lungs  and  skin. 
The  weather  was  clear  and  dry,  the  temperature  ranging  from 
35°  to  46°  Fahr.  Assuming  the  usual  quantity  of  food  and 
drink  for  an  ordinary  man  to  be  about  90  oz.  (about  2,542 
grammes),  containing  about  310  grains  (20  grammes)  of  nitro- 
gen,1 rather  an  excess  was  taken  on  this  day.  The  cutaneous 
exhalation  was  excessive.  Allowing  20  oz.  (567  grammes)  for 
pulmonary  exhalation,  which  is  tolerably  constant,  the  cuta- 
neous exhalation  amounted  to  58.70  oz.  (1,658.27  grammes), 
the  normal  amount  being  about  30  oz.  (850  grammes).2 

On  the  second  day,  there  was  a  diminution  in  the  total 
quantity  of  food  and  drink  and  in  the  amount  of  nitrogen 
(total  food  and  drink,  105.43  oz.  [2,987.92  grammes]  ;  nitrogen, 
288.35  grains  [18.682  grammes]),  with  an  increase  in  weight 
of  12  oz.  (345  grammes),  the  urine  and  fseces  being  dimin- 
ished about  0.5  oz.  (15.13  grammes),  and  the  cutaneous  ex- 
halation about  29  oz.  (834.12  grammes).  The  weather  was  a 
little  warmer,  but  cloudy  and  damp.  The  only  explanation 

1  FLINT,  Jr.,  Physiology  of  Man,  New  York,  1867,  vol.  ii.,  Alimenta- 
tion, p.  124. 

2  Id.,  1866,  vol.  i.,  Kespiration,  p.  447;  and,  Id.,  1870,  vol.  iii.,  Secre- 
tion, p.  139. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         57 

I  can  offer  for  this  increase  in  weight  is  in  the  small  amount 
of  exercise,  which  was  only  five  miles. 

On  the  third  day,  there  was  a  loss  of  weight  amounting  to 
20  oz.  (567  grammes).  On  this  day,  there  was  a  further  dimi- 
nution in  the  quantity  of  food  and  drink  and  in  the  amount  of 
nitrogen  (total  food  and  drink,  86.56  oz.  [2,453.67  grammes]  j 
nitrogen  272.27  grains  [17.641  grammes]).  The  urine  and 
faeces  were  increased  about  8.25  oz.  (243.58  grammes),  and  the 
cutaneous  exhalation,  4.88  oz.  (142.17  grammes).  The  exercise 
was  five  miles,  the  same  as  on  the  second  day. 

On  the  fourth  day,  the  weight  was  diminished  24  oz.  (687 
grammes).  The  total  amount  of  food  was  about  the  same  as 
on  the  third  day  (86.19  oz. — 2,443.19  grammes).  The  nitrogen 
was  increased  by  about  63  grains  (4.065  grammes).  The  urine 
and  faeces  were  diminished  by  about  15.5  oz.  (455.03  grammes), 
and  the  cutaneous  exhalation  was  increased  by  about  19  oz 
(549.55  grammes).  The  exercise  on  this  day  was  fifteen  miles- 
which,  with  the  diminished  ingesta,  will  account  for  the  loss 
in  weight. 

On  the  fifth  day,  there  was  a  gain  in  weight  of  about  11  oz. 
(317  grammes).  The  total  quantity  of  food  and  drink  was  in- 
creased over  the  amount  on  the  fourth  clay  by  about  15  oz. 
(429.44  grammes).  The  nitrogen  was  increased  by  over  105 
grains  (6.830  grammes).  The  urine  and  faeces  were  about  the 
same  as  on  the  fourth  day.  The  cutaneous  exhalation  was 
diminished  by  22.27  oz.  (680.02  grammes).  The  exercise  on 
this  day  was  only  one  mile.  The  increase  in  weight  is  only 
to  be  explained  by  the  want  of  exercise  and  the  large  quantity 
of  solid  food  taken. 

Second  Period,  Five  Days  of  the  Walk. — This  period  pre- 
sents the  greatest  interest,  as  regards  the  influence  of  the  diet 
and  exercise  upon  the  weight  of  the. body. 

On  the  first  day,  walking  eighty  miles  and  sleeping  but  one 
hour,  the  loss  of  weight  was  about  45  oz.  (1,224.00  grammes). 
The  quantity  of  food  and  drink  was  increased  over  the  amount 
on  the  day  before  by  about  85  oz.  (2,409.75  grammes),  the 
increase  being  chiefly  in  liquids.  The  nitrogen  was  dimin- 
ished by  289  grains  (18,716  grammes).  The  faeces  were  but 
slightly  increased.  The  urine  was  increased  by  about  8  oz 


58  RELATIONS    OF    UKEA    TO    EXEKCISE. 

(195  c.c.).  The  estimated  cutaneous  exhalation  was  increased 
by  130  oz.  (3,723.11  grammes),  a  little  more  than  two  and  a 
half  times.  The  loss  in  weight  was  undoubtedly  due,  in  great 
measure,  to  the  extraordinary  amount  of  exercise.  I  will  en- 
deavor to  explain  this  more  fully  when  I  compare  the  weights 
for  the  three  periods. 

On  the  second  day,  walking  forty-eight  miles  and  sleeping 
4  hours  and  28  minutes,  there  was  a  further  loss  of  4  oz.  (114 
grammes).  The  quantity  of  food  and  drink  was  diminished 
by  about  21  oz.  (582.25  grammes),  but  the  nitrogen  was  in- 
creased by  about  114  grains  (7.409  grammes).  The  faeces  were 
increased  by  a  little  more  than  3  oz.  (89  grammes).  The  urine 
was  diminished  by  about  8.5  oz.  (254  c.c.).  The  cutaneous 
exhalation  was  diminished  by  54  oz.  (1,521.38  grammes).  The 
loss  of  weight  I  shall  endeavor  to  explain  further  on. 

On  the  third  day,  walking  ninety-two  miles  and  sleeping 
but  thirty  minutes,  the  loss  of  weight  was  estimated  at  20  oz. 
(567  grammes).  The  weight  was  not  accurately  taken  on  this 
day,  and  was  averaged. 

On  the  fourth  day,  walking  fifty-seven  miles  and  sleeping 
one  hour,  the  weight  was  36  oz.  (1,020.00  grammes)  less  than 
on  the  second  day.  (This  represents  the  loss  for  two  days.) 
The  food  and  drink  were,  for  the  third  day,  about  5  oz.  (151.09 
grammes)  more  than  for  the  second  day,  and  for  the  fourth 
day,  about  22  oz.  (625.61  grammes)  less  than  for  the  third 
day.  On  the  third  day,  the  nitrogen  was  diminished  by  about 
37  grains  (2.417  grammes).  On  the  fourth  day,  the  nitrogen 
was  further  diminished  by  84  grains  (5.436  grammes).  There 
were  no  faeces  on  the  third  day,  and  the  urine  was  increased 
by  about  7  oz.  (209  c.c.).  On  the  fourth  day,  the  faeces  were 
about  in  average  quantity.  The  urine  was  diminished  about 
8  oz.  (235  c.c.).  On  the  third  day,  the  cutaneous  exhalation 
was  increased  by  about  22  oz.  (610.82  grammes).  On  the 
fourth  day,  the  cutaneous  exhalation  was  diminished  by  about 
23  oz.  (636.67  grammes).  I  shall  discuss  the  loss  of  weight  in 
connection  with  a  comparison  of  the  three  periods. 

On  the  fifth  day,  walking  forty  and  a  half  miles,  and  sleep- 
ing 9  hours  and  26  minutes,  there  was  an  increase  in  weight 
of  28  oz.  (793.00  grammes).  The  food  and  drink  were  in- 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         59 

creased  by  36  oz.  (1,020.48  grammes).  The  nitrogen  was  in- 
creased by  239  grains  (15.442  grammes),  about  two  and  two- 
thirds  times.  The  faeces  were  diminished  0.16  oz.  (4.50  grammes), 
and  the  urine  was  increased,  about  11  oz.  (325  c.c.).  The 
cutaneous  exhalation  was  diminished  about  19  oz.  (546.61 
grammes). 

The  loss  of  weight  during  this  period  of  extraordinary 
muscular  exertion  is  a  most  interesting  question  ;  and  it  will 
be  considered  in  connection  with,  not  only  the  amount  of  food, 
drink,  excretions,  and  exhalations,  but  the  quantities  of  nitro- 
gen introduced  and  discharged. 

Third  Period,  Five  Days  after  the  Walk. — It  is  to  be  re- 
membered that  this  period  was  one  of  nearly  absolute  repose, 
after  the  immense  exertion  of  the  preceding  live  days,  with  a 
daily  average  of  eight  and  a  half  hours  of  sleep. 

On  the  first  day,  the  weight  increased  by  36  oz.  (1,021.00 
grammes).  The  weight  of  food  and  drink  was  diminished  by 
about  55  oz.  (1,662.46  grammes),  but  the  amount  of  nitrogen 
was  about  the  same  as  on  the  fifth  day  of  the  second  period. 
The  faeces  were  diminished  by  1.36  oz.  (38.50  grammes),  and 
the  urine,  by  about  12  oz.  (352.50  c.c.).  The  cutaneous  ex- 
halation was  diminished  by  nearly  50  oz.  (1,394.50  grammes). 
The  increase  in  weight  was  probably  due  in  most  part  to 
retention  of  liquids  and  appropriation  of  nitrogenized  matter  to 
supply  the  muscular  waste  that  had  been  going  on  for  the  pre- 
vious five  days.  For  the  five  days  of  the  walk,  for  every  100 
parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  was  a  discharge  of  174.81  parts 
in  the  urine  and  faeces.  On  this,  the  first  day,  the  discharge  of 
nitrogen  was  in  the  proportion  of  76.68  parts  per  100  parts  in 
the  food. 

On  the  second  day,  there  was  a  further  gain  in  weight  of 
36  oz.  (1,021.00  grammes),  which  brought  the  weight  to  120.25 
Ibs.  (54  k.  539  grammes),  about  the  standard  at  the  very  com- 
mencement of  the  observations,  which  was  120.5  Ibs.  (54k.  655 
grammes).  The  weight  of  food  and  drink  was  increased  by 
50.66  oz.  (1,436.03  grammes),  and  the  nitrogen  was  increased  by 
about  113  grains  (7.351  grammes).  The  faeces  were  increased 
about  1  oz.  (28.35  grammes),  and  the  urine  about  14.5  oz. 
(427.15  c.  c.).  The  cutaneous  exhalation  was  increased  about 


60  RELATIONS    OF   UREA   TO  EXERCISE. 

34  oz.  (909.41  grammes).    This  day  was  warm,  clear,  and  dry, 
the  first  day  being  rainy,  and  from  5°  to  8°  Fahr.  colder. 

On  the  third  day,  the  weight  was  unchanged.  The  food 
and  drink  were  diminished  by  59  oz.  (1,670.17  grammes),  and 
the  nitrogen,  about  104  grains  (6.756  grammes).  The  fseces 
were  increased  by  5  oz.  (140.5  grammes),  a  little  more  than 
doubled.  The  urine  was  increased  by  38  oz.  (1,125  c.c.), 
nearly  doubled.  The  cutaneous  exhalation  was  diminished  by 
about  66.5  oz.  (1,930.61  grammes),  more  than  three  times.  This 
day  shows  a  working  off  by  the  urine  and  faeces  of  the  unusual 
amount  of  food,  and  especially  nitrogenized  matter,  taken  on. 
the  previous  day,  the  weight  remaining  stationary. 

On  the  fourth  day,  the  weight  was  increased  52  oz.  (1,474.00 
grammes).  This  great  increase  is  explained  by  the  follow- 
ing circumstance :  At  11.15  P.  M.  Mr.  Weston  took  supper, 
the  food  and  drink  weighing  54.75  oz.  (1,547.36  grammes). 
The  weight  of  the  body  was  taken  at  11.55  p.  M.,  about  the 
usual  hour.  This  was  the  only  time  when  any  thing  was 
eaten  after  7.45  p.  M.  This  accident  renders  it  useless  to  dis- 
cuss the  question  of  weight  on  this  day.  On  this  day,  the  ni- 
trogen of  the  food  was  enormously  increased,  amounting  to 
641.71  grains  (41,578  grammes) ;  the  average  for  an  ordinary 
man  being  about  310  grains  (20  grammes). 

On  the  fifth  day  the  weight  was  about  the  same  as  on  the 
third  day ;  the  increase  being  only  0.5  Ibs.  (226  grammes). 
On  this,  the  final  day  of  the  observations,  the  weight  was 
about  the  same  as  on  the  first  day  of  the  first  period,  being  in- 
creased only  a  quarter  of  a  pound.  The  food  and  drink  were 
diminished  about  85  oz.  (2,419.09  grammes),  and  the  nitrogen 
about  358.5  grains  (23,219  grammes).  The  fseces  were  in- 
creased about  1  oz.  (22.5  grammes),  and  the  urine  8  oz.  (237 
c.c.).  The  cutaneous  exhalation  was  increased  about  1.68  oz. 
(37.87  grammes.) 

Causes  of  the  Variations  in  Weight? — In  a  measure,  the 
variations  in  weight  during  the  fifteen  days  may  be  satisfac- 
torily explained  ;  but  there  are  certain  questions  involved  that 
are  as  yet  obscure.  The  explanation  of  the  variations  during 

1  To  avoid  complicating  the  discussion  of  the  causes  of  the  variations  in 
weight,  the  English  weights  only  will  be  used. 


RELATIONS    OF   UKEA   TO    EXEKCISE.  61 

the  walk,  and  for  the  five  days  after,  is  much  facilitated  by 
a  comparison  of  the  ingress  and  egress  of  nitrogen. 

At  the  outset  of  the  investigations,  the  weight  was  120.5  Ibs., 
which  Mr.  Weston  thought  was  about  normal.  During  the 
period  of  five  days  before  the  walk,  the  variations  were  not 
very  great,  the  highest  being  12  oz.  above,  and  the  lowest  32 
oz.  below.  At  the  end  of  the  fifth  day,  the  weight  was  re- 
duced by  about  21  oz.  On  the  first  day,  the  weight  being  un- 
changed, the  exercise  was  fifteen  miles.  The  food  was  of  the 
ordinary  variety,  but  its  quantity  and  proportion  of  nitrogen 
were  about  30  per  cent,  above  the  average  for  an  ordinary 
man.  On  the  second  day,  the  diminished  exercise,  the  food 
being  less,  but  still  above  the  normal  average,  will  account  for 
the  increase  in  weight  of  12  oz.  On  the  third  day,  the  exer- 
cise was  the  same  as  on  the  second  day,  but  the  food  was  re- 
duced a  little  below  the  normal  average,  which  will  account  for 
20  oz.  loss  of  weight.  On  the  fourth  day,  the  food  was  still 
below  the  average,  being  about  the  same  as  on  the  previous 
day,  but  it  contained  a  large  proportion  of  nitrogenized  mat- 
ter, over  20  per  cent,  more  than  on  the  third  day.  The  exer- 
cise was  fifteen  miles,  which,  with  the  diet,  will  account  for 
24  oz*.  loss  of  weight.  On  the  fifth  day,  the  food  was  increased 
to  a  little  above  the  average,  and  it  contained  an  immense 
amount  of  nitrogen,  about  35  per  cent,  above  the  aver- 
age. This  fact,  with  the  absolute  muscular  repose  and  ten 
hours'  sleep,  as  a  preparation  for  the  walk,  will  readily  account 
for  11  oz.  increase  in  weight.  During  this  period  of  five 
days  before  the  walk,  the  average  quantity  of  food  and  drink 
was  100.5  oz.,  containing  339.46  grains  of  nitrogen,  the  ordi- 
nary average  being  90  oz.,  containing  310  grains  of  nitrogen. 
The  average  discharge  of  nitrogen  by  the  urine  and  faeces  was 
95.53  parts  per  100  parts  of  the  nitrogen  of  food ;  which  is 
about  normal.  It  is  thus  evident  that  the  variations  in  weight 
during  a  period  of  five  days  of  ordinary  life  can  be  readily 
explained  in  accordance  with  generally-accepted  physiologi- 
cal principles. 

In  endeavoring  to  explain  the  variations  in  weight  that 
occurred  during  the  walk,  and  for  the  succeeding  five  days, 
the  extraordinary  amount  of  muscular  exertion  introduces  new 


62  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

elements  to  be  considered.  These  have  a  most  important  bear- 
ing upon  the  subject  of  nutrition,  disassimilation,  and  "  the 
source  of  muscular  power,"  about  which  so  much  has  been 
written  within  the  past  few  years. 

First :  What  tissue  was  consumed,  the  products  being 
thrown  off,  during  the  effort  of  walking  317^  miles  in  five  con- 
secutive days  ?  Was  it  the  muscular  substance?  The  impor- 
tance, as  regards  our  ideas  of  nutrition,  of  a  positive  and  defi- 
nite answer  to  this  question  can  hardly  be  overestimated. 

The  loss  of  weight  was  undoubtedly  due  in  a  great  measure 
to  the  excessive  muscular  exertion  ;  but  in  part,  also,  to  change 
in  diet.  This  proposition  does  not  demand  discussion. 

The  loss  must  have  been  either  in  liquids,  fats,  or  muscular 
substance. 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  loss  was  due,  to  any  great  ex- 
tent, to  a  diminution  in  the  proportion  of  liquids,  for  the 
excessive  loss  from  the  skin  was  instantly  supplied  by  liquids 
taken  into  the  stomach.  It  is  not  necessary  to  cite  experi- 
ments which  show  that  loss  by  the  skin,  as  it  occurs  in  hot-air 
or  vapor-baths,  or  in  working  for  an  hour  or  more  at  a  high 
temperature,-  is  readily  compensated  by  liquid  ingesta,  as  this 
fact  is  well  settled  in  physiology.1  A  glance  at  the  daily  tables 
of  food  and  drink  will  show  that,  during  the  five  days  of  the 
walk,  Mr.  Weston  took  from  8  Ibs.  8  oz.  to  10  Ibs.  11  oz.  of 
liquids. 

If  the  loss  were  due  to  a  consumption  of  non-nitrogenized 
matters,  it  would  be  chiefly  of  fat  and  would  be  represented  by 
the  carbonic  acid  of  expiration.  It  is  certain  that  the  non- 
nitrogenized  constituents  of  the  body  do  not  contribute  to  the 
formation  of  the  nitrogenized  excrementitious  matters. 

If  the  loss  were  due  to  a  consumption  of  the  nitrogenized 
elements  of  the  body,  principally  of  the  muscular  tissue,  this 
loss,  under  the  extraordinary  muscular  effort,  would  be  rep- 
resented by  the  nitrogen  of  the  excretions.  It  is  not  probable 
that  the  nitrogenized  constituents  of  the  body  are,  in  any  con- 
siderable amount,  changed  into  non-nitrogenized  matter  and 
exhaled  under  the  form  of  carbonic  acid,  though,  this  may 
occur  to  a  slight  extent. 

1  See  my  work  on  Physiology,  New  York,  1870,  voL  iii.,  p.  140,  et  seq. 


RELATIONS  OF  UBEA  TO  EXERCISE.         63 

The  question  then  resolves  itself  to  that  of  the  relative 
consumption  and  elimination  of  nitrogenized  matters.  The 
following  are  the  facts  on  this  point,  observed  during  the  five 
days  of  the  walk : 

During  the  five  days  of  the  walk1  Mr.  "Weston  consumed 
in  all,  1,173.80  grains  (76.055  grammes)  of  nitrogen  in  his  food. 
During  the  same  period,  he  eliminated  1,807.60  grains  (116.084 
grammes)  of  nitrogen  in  the  urine  and  faeces.  This  leaves 
633.80  grains  (40.030  grammes)  of  nitrogen,  over  and  above 
the  nitrogen  of  the  food,  which  must  be  attributed  to  the  waste 
of  his  tissues,  and  probably  almost  exclusively  to  the  waste  of 
his  muscular  tissue.  According  to  the  best  authorities,  lean 
meat,  uncooked,  or  muscular  tissue,  contains  3  per  cent,  of 
nitrogen.2  The  loss  of  633.80  grains  (40.030  grammes)  of  nitro- 
gen, would  then  represent  a  loss  of  21,127.00  grains  (1,334.33 
grammes),  or  3.018  Ibs.  of  muscular  tissue.  The  actual  loss  of 
weight  was  3.450  Ibs.  (1,565.00  grammes).  This  allows  about 
0.43  Ib.  (230.67  grammes)  loss  unaccounted  for,  which  might 
be  fat  or  water. 

The  correspondence  of  these  figures  of  loss  calculated  from 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  eliminated  with  the  actual  loss  in 
weight  leaves  no  room  for  doubt  with  regard  to  the  fact  that 
the  immense  exertion  during  this  period  of  five  days  was  at- 
tended with  consumption  of  the  muscular  substance.  Those 
who  have  adopted  the  view  that  the  muscular  system  is  like  a 
steam-engine,  consuming  in  its  work  food  as  fuel  and  not  its 
own  substance,  may  say  that  this  is  an  extraordinary  case,  as  it 
undoubtedly  is ;  but  the  facts  developed  by  the  foregoing  ob- 
servations prove,  none  the  less  conclusively,  that  the  muscular 
system  may  consume  its  own  substance  by  exercise,  even  when 
the  individual  takes  all  the  food  required  by  his  appetite.  It 
can  hardly  be,  however,  that  the  foregoing  facts  are  not  in 
accordance  with  a  general  physiological  law. 

It  will  be  interesting,  now,  to  study  the  behavior  of  the 
system  after  the  walk,  when  there  was  almost  absolute  repose, 

1 1  have  reduced  these  calculations,  on  account  of  their  great  impor- 
tance, to  grammes. 

2  PAYEN,  Precis  theorique  et  pratique  des  substances  alimentaires, 
Paris,  1865,  p.  488. 


(54  EELATIONS    OF    UEEA   TO    EXEECISE. 

and  when  the  quantity  of  nitrogen  taken  with  the  food  was 
largely  increased.  The  important  question  here  is  the  fol- 
lowing : 

In  the  return  of  the  weight  to  the  normal  standard,  did 
the  muscular  tissue  take  up  nitrogen  to  repair  the  excessive 
waste  engendered  by  the  five  days  of  exertion  ? 

In  two  days  after  the  walk,  the  weight  had  increased  to 
within  four  ounces  of  the  standard  at  the  beginning  of  the  ob- 
servations, five  days  before  the  walk.  It  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  this  increase  would  be  due  entirely  to  appropriation  of 
nitrogenized  matter  by  the  muscular  system.  Reference  to 
the  tables  of  diet  for  these  two  days  shows  that  the  food  taken 
was  about  155  oz.  each  day,  the  normal  average  being  assumed 
at  90  oz.,  an  excess  of  a  little  more  than  70  per  cent.  The 
nitrogen  taken  was  about  50  per  cent,  in  excess  of  the  normal 
amount.  The  tables  also  show  a  large  proportion  of  non- 
nitrogenized  matter  in  the  food  on  those  days.  The  exercise 
was  only  two  miles  daily.  Mr.  Weston  gained  in  weight  4.5 
Ibs.  He  retained  in  his  system  an  amount  of  nitrogen  equiv- 
alent to  1.1  Ib.  In  view  of  the  muscular  inactivity  and  the 
large  proportion  of  non-nitrogenized  matter  in  the  food,  it  is 
fair  to  assume  that  the  remaining  3.4  Ibs.  was  due  to  accumu- 
lation of  fat.  This,  however,  is  a  point  incapable  of  positive 
demonstration.  Taking  the  entire  period  of  five  days  after 
the  walk,  the  gain  in  weight  was  five  pounds,  which  brought 
it  4  oz.  above  the  weight  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifteen  days. 
The  excess  of  the  nitrogen  of  food  over  the  nitrogen  of  the 
urine  and  faeces  represented,  for  these  five  days,  an  accumula- 
tion of  1.6  Ib.  of  muscular  substance.  During  this  time  there 
was  almost  complete  repose  of  the  muscular  system.  The 
daily  quantity  of  food  was  about  61  per  cent,  over  the  normal 
average,  and  the  nitrogen,  about  42  per  cent,  over  the  average. 
The  food  contained,  also,  a  large  proportion  of  non-nitro- 
genized matter. 

These  facts  seem  to  indicate  that,  after  the  immense  effort 
in  wralking  317£  miles  in  five  consecutive  days,  for  five  days 
of  muscular  inactivity,  the  quantity  of  food  being  large  and 
containing  a  greater  proportion  %of  non-nitrogenized  matter 
than  the  food  taken  either  before  or  during  the  walk,  the  mus- 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.        65 

cnlar  system  appropriated  1.6  Ib.  of  nitrogenized  matter,  and 
the  entire  body  accumulated  about  3.4  Ibs.  of  fat.  It  is  well 
known  that  athletes,  after  a  season  of  severe  training  by  exer- 
cise and  nitrogenized  diet,  accumulate  fat  very  rapidly,  when 
the  muscles  are  allowed  repose  and  the  diet  is  unrestricted. 

Temperature,  Pulse,  and  Respirations. 

The  temperature  under  the  tongue  for  every  day  during 
the  three  periods  was  carefully  taken,  as  nearly  as  possible  at 
the  same  hour  and  under  the  same  conditions.  During  the  five 
days  of  the  walk,  the  temperature  was  taken  after  the  day's 
walk  had  been  accomplished ;  and  during  the  five  days  before 
and  the  five  days  after  the  walk,  it  was  taken  generally  be- 
tween 10.45  P.  M.  and  midnight. 

First  Period,  Five  Days  before  the  Walk.  —  The  tem- 
peratures for  each  day  do  not  present  any  great  range  of 
variation.  The  data  here  are  chiefly  useful  as  indicating 
the  normal  average  under  ordinary  conditions.  The  highest 
temperature  was  at  the  end  of  the  first  day.  It  was  then 
99.7°  Fahr.  (37.6°  C.).  The  lowest  temperature  was  on  the 
third  day,  when  it  was  98°  Fahr.  (36.7°  C.).  On  the  first 
day,  the  quantity  of  food  and  drink  and  the  proportion  of 
nitrogen  were  above  the  average,  by  about  20  per  cent.  The 
exercise  was  fifteen  miles.  On  the  third  day,  the  quantity  of 
food  and  drink  was  a  very  little  below  the  average,  and  less 
nitrogen  was  taken  than  on  any  of  the  five  days.  The  exercise 
was  five  miles.  On  the  fifth  day,  the  temperature  was  within 
0.2°  Fahr.  of  the  temperature  on  the  first  day.  On  this  day 
the  quantity  of  food  and  drink  was  slightly  above  the  average, 
but  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  increased  42  per  cent.  The 
exercise  was  only  one  mile.  On  the  first  day,  the  weather  was 
clear,  the  highest  temperature  in  the  shade  was  46°,  and  the 
lowest,  35°  Fahr.  On  the  fifth  day,  it  was  also  clear,  and 
the  highest  temperature  was  43°,  and  the  lowest,  30°  Fahr. 
On  the  third  day,  the  meteorological  record  was,  "  slight 
rain  and  slight  snow  6.15  P.  M.,"  highest  temperature  42°,  and 
lowest  29°  Fahr.  On  the  fourth  day,  when  the  temperature 
under  the  tongue  was  99.1°  Fahr.  (37.3°  C.),  the  external  tem- 
perature was  36°,  highest,  and  27°,  lowest,  "  snow-squalls,  clear 


66  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

evening."  On  tins  day,  the  total  amount  of  food  and  drink 
was  the  same  as  on  the  third  day,  but  the  nitrogen  of  the  food 
was  increased  by  about  23  per  cent.  The  exercise  was  fifteen 
miles,  on  the  fourth  day.  On  the  second  day,  when  the  tem- 
perature under  the  tongue  was  98.4°  Fahr.  (36.9°  C.),  the 
nitrogen  of  the  food  was  only  16.08  grains  more  than  on  the 
third  day.  The  weather  was  cloudy,  the  highest  temperature, 
47°,  and  the  lowest,  37°  Fahr. 

In  the  range  of  temperature  during  the  five  days  of  this 
period,  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  marked  difference  due 
to  the  exercise.  The  variations  apparently  bear  some  relation 
to  the  amount  of  nitrogenized  food,  the  temperature  being 
high  when  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  is  abundant,  and  low  when 
the  proportion  is  small.  The  temperature  was  markedly 
higher  on  the  clear  days,  without  any  definite  relation  to  the 
external  temperature. 

The  range. of  temperature  for  these  five  days  was  about 
normal,  from  98°  to  99.7°  Fahr.  (36.7°  to  37.6°'  C.).  In  my 
work  on  physiology,  I  have  taken,  as  the  standard  tempera- 
ture under  the  tongue,  98°  Fahr.,  subject  to  variation  within 
the  limits  of  health  of  about  0.5°  below  and  1.5°  above.1 

The  average  temperature  for  the  first  period  of  five  days 
before  the  walk,  which  I  shall  take  as  the  standard  for  com- 
parison with  the  temperatures  at  the  other  periods,  is  99°  Fahr. 
(37.2°  C.). 

Second  Period,  Five  Days  of  the  Walk. — The  variations 
in  temperature  during  this  period  are  remarkable,  and  highly 
interesting  from  their  possible  physiological  relations.  By 
reference  to  the  meteorological  table  (E.),  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  weather  during  this  period  was  generally  cloudy,  without 
much  variation  from  day  to  day  in  the  thermometer.  There 
does  not  appear  to  be  any  constant  relation,  during  this  pe- 
riod, between  the  temperature  and  the  daily  consumption  of 
nitrogen. 

On  the  first  day,  between  12.15  A.  M.  and  10.32^  p.  M.  Mr. 
Weston  walked  eighty  miles.  His  temperature  was  taken 

1  FLINT,  Jr.,  Physiology  of  Man,  New  York,  1870,  vol.  iii.,  Nutrition,  p. 
396. 


RELATIONS    OF    ITKEA    TO    EXERCISE.  67 

eight  minutes  after  lie  had  completed  the  walk,  and  was  95.3° 
Fahr.  (35.3°  C.),  4.3°  less  than  the  last  temperature  taken  be- 
fore the  walk  was  begun.  This  is  an  immense  reduction, 
greater  than  ever  occurs  under  the  ordinary  conditions  of 
health,  and  can  be  attributed  only  to  the  extraordinary  mus- 
cular exertion  during  the  day. 

On  the  second  day,  between  4. 5 8  A.  M.  and  4.5  p.  M.,  Mr. 
Weston  walked  forty  miles,  when  he  stopped  for  6  hours  and 
19  minutes.  At  10  P.  M.,  about  six  hours  after  the  stop,  the 
temperature  was  94.8°  Fahr.  (34.9°  C.),  a  reduction  from  the 
temperature  of  the  first  day  of  0.5°.  Mr.  Weston  did  not 
sleep  well,  as  he  had  hoped  to  do  during  the  six  hours.  At 
10.24  p.  M.,  he  began  his  first  effort  to  walk  one  hundred  and 
twelve  miles  in  twenty-four  consecutive  hours.  I  now  think 
the  further  lowering  in  the  temperature  was  an  indication  of 
want  of  proper  reaction  after  the  walks  he  had  already  accom- 
plished. Had  I  appreciated  the  facts  at  that  time,  I  would 
have  advised  him  to  have  deferred  his  first  attempt  to  accom- 
plish the  hundred  and  twelve  miles  until  a  later  period.  As 
i  t  was,  the  attempt  was  a  failure. 

As  on  the  first  day,  the  lowering  in  temperature  is  only  to 
be  attributed  to  the  excessive  and  prolonged  muscular  ex- 
ertion. 

On  the  third  day,  between  midnight  of  the  second  day  and 
10.52  P.  M.,  Mr.  Weston  walked  ninety-two  miles.  At  11.15 
p.  M.  the  temperature  was  96.6°  Fahr.  (35.9°  C.),  1.8°  higher 
than  on  the  second  day. 

On  the  fourth  day,  Mr.  Weston  walked  fifty-seven  miles  be- 
tween 1.33  A.  M.  and  10.30  p.  M.  The  temperature,  taken  at 
10.40  P.  M.,  was  96.6°  Fahr.  (35.9°  C.),  the  same  as  on  the 
third  day.  This  was  the  day  on  which  the  walk  was  inter- 
rupted by  nervous  prostration. 

On  the  fifth  day,  Mr.  Weston  walked  forty  and  a  half 
miles,  between  9.56  A.  M.  and  midnight.  He  continued  walk- 
ing for  fifteen  minutes  after  midnight.  He  was  in  fine  spirits  all 
day.  During  this  twenty-four  -hours,  for  the  first  time,  he  got 
sufficient  refreshing  sleep.  He  slept  nine  hours  and  twenty-six 
minutes.  The  temperature,  taken  at  1.30  A.  M.  of  the  next 
day,  was  97.9°  Fahr.  (36.6°  C.);  an  increase  of  1.3°  over  the 
temperature  of  the  day  before. 


G8  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

It  is  difficult  to  explain  satisfactorily  the  elevation  of  tem- 
perature by  1.8°  on  the  third  day,  the  day  of  the  longest  walk, 
and  the  same  temperature  on  the  fourth  day,  when  Mr.  Wes- 
ton  broke  down  completely.  The  temperature,  however,  on 
these  days  was  still  2.4°  below  the  average  of  the  five  days 
before  the  walk,  and  2°  below  the  average  of  the  five  days  after 
the  walk.  The  elevation  of  temperature  on  the  fifth  day,  by 
1.3°,  was  probably  on  account  of  the  sleep  of  nine  hours  and 
twenty-six  minutes. 

The  average  temperature  during  this  period  was  96.3°  Fahr. 
(35.7°  C.) ;  2.7°  below  the  average  of  five  days  before,  and  2.3° 
below  the  average  of  five  days  after  the  wralk.  The  tolerably 
uniform  depression  of  temperature  during  this  period  of  ex- 
cessive exertion  show^s  pretty  conclusively  that  severe  and  pro- 
longed muscular  exercise  diminishes  the  heat  of  the  body.  It 
has  been  observed  that  during,  or  immediately  after  moderate 
exercise,  the  heat  of  the  body  is  increased,  and  that  the  actual 
temperature  of  the  muscles  is  sensibly  elevated  ; 1  but  this  is 
very  different  from  the  immense  muscular  and  nervous  strain 
to  which  Mr.  Weston  subjected  himself  for  five  days.  The 
fact  of  diminution  of  temperature  during  this  period  remains, 
without  any  explanation,  except  that  it  was  probably  due  to 
some  unusual  condition  of  the  nervous  system. 

Third  Period,  Five  Days  after  the  Walk. — During  this 
period,  there  was  but  little  variation  in  the  temperature  from 
day  to  day.  On  the  first  day,  the  temperature  was  98.6° 
Fahr.  (37°  C.) ;  0.7°  higher  than  on  the  last  day  of  the  walk. 
This  temperature  was  about  normal.  On  the  second  day,  the 
temperature  was  98.4°  Fahr.  (36.9°  C.);  on  the  third  day, 
99.3°  Fahr.  (37.4  C.) ;  on  the  fourth  day,  98.8°  Fahr.  (37.1° 
C.);  and  on  the  fifth  day,  97.5°.  Fahr.  (36.4°  C.).  This 
range  of  temperature  was  about  normal,  assuming,  as  I  have 
done,  that  the  average  is  98°  Fahr.,  with  a  range  of  0.5°  below 
and  1.5°  above.  The  average  temperature  for  the  five  days 
was  98.6  Fahr.  (37°  C.),  0.4°  less  than  the  average  for  the  five 

1  For  an  account  of  different  observations  on  this  point,  see  my  work 
on  Physiology,  New  York,  1870,  vol.  iii ,  Nutrition,  p.  413. 


DELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO 'EXERCISE.         69 

days  before  the  walk,  and  2.3°  more  than  the  average  for  the 
five  days  of  the  walk. 

In  studying  the  variations  in  temperature  from  day  to  day 
during  this  period,  I  have  not  been  able  to  establish  any 
definite  relation  with  the  food  or  with  the  meteorological  rec- 
ord. The  difference  between  the  average  during  this  period 
and  the  average  for  the  five  days  before  the  walk  is  insignificant. 
It  is  interesting  to  note,  however,  that  as  soon  as  the  extraor- 
dinary muscular  effort  ceased,  the  temperature  returned  to 
about  the  normal  standard. 

Pulse  and  Respirations. — During  the  first  period,  there 
was  very  little  variation  in  either  the  pulse  or  respirations. 
The  extremes  for  the  pulse  were  93  and  71.  The  pulse  was 
93  just  before  the  walk,  and  this  was  undoubtedly  due  to 
the  excitement  incident  to  the  commencement  of  the  trial.  At 
that  time,  also,  the  respirations  were  25.  For  the  first  three 
days,  the  respirations  were  20,  and  on  the  fourth  day,  23. 

During  the  five  days  of  the  walk,  the  pulse  ranged  from 
68  to  109.  The  pulse  was  109  on  the  third  day,  when  the  ex- 
ercise was  ninety-two  miles.  The  range  of  the  respirations 
was  from  18  to  23.  On  the  fourth  day,  after  Mr.  Weston  had 
completely  broken  down  in  his  walk,  the  pulse  was  68,  and  the 
respirations,  18. 

For  the  five  after  the  walk,  the  range  of  the  pulse  was  from 
70  to  78,  and  the  respirations  were  from  22  to  24. 

The  averages  for  the  five  days  before  the  walk  were,  for 
the  pulse,  78,  respirations,  22  ;  for  the  five  days  of  the  walk, 
pulse  90,  respirations,  21 ;  and  for  the  five  days  after  the  walk, 
pulse  74,  respirations,  23. 

In  the  absence  of  sphygmographic  records  of  the  pulse, 
there  could  be  very  little  learned  from  the  observations  on  the 
circulation.  The  variations  in  the  respirations,  also,  convey 
very  little  information.  It  was  impossible,  however,  to  make 
the  records  on  these  points  more  elaborate ;  and  as  it  was 
necessary  to  make  all  of  the  observations  without  subjecting 
Mr.  Weston  to  any  considerable  annoyance  or  loss  of  time, 
experiments  with  the  sphygmograph  would  have  been  imprac- 
ticable. 


70         RELATION;?  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

The  records  with  regard  to  sleep,  exercise,  quantity  of 
food  and  drink,  and  the  composition  of  the  food,  were  made  to 
be  used  in  connection  with  the  question  of  the  elimination  of 
nitrogen,  and  will  not,  therefore,  be  discussed  separately.  The 
cutaneous  and  pulmonary  exhalations  were  calculated  from 
the  weight  of  ingesta,  urine,  and  faeces,  and  the  variations  in 
the  weight  of  the  body.  As  these  were  not  directly  estimated, 
they  will  not  be  discussed  under  distinct  heads. 

Variations  in  the  Urine  due  to  Exercise,  studied  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Proportion  of  Nitrogen  in  the  Food. 

In  discussing  the  variations  in  the  urine  during  the  three 
periods  into  which  the  investigations  were  divided,  I  shall 
take  up  first  the  quantity ;  then  the  urea,  or  the  amount  of 
nitrogen  eliminated  in  the  urea,  in  connection  with  the  nitro- 
gen of  the  fseces.  and  compare  the  total  elimination  of  nitrogen 
with  the  quantity  introduced  with  the  food  ;  then  the  uric  acid 
and  its  relations  to  the  urea ;  and,  finally,  the  inorganic  salts 
and  abnormal  matters. 

Quantity  of  Urine. 

The  most  important  point  to  determine  in  this  connection 
is  whether  the  immense  amount  of  exercise  during  the  five 
days  of  the  walk  had  any  influence  upon  the  elimination  of 
water  by  the  kidneys.  This  can  be  settled  witli  tolerable 
accuracy,  inasmuch  as  the  liquids  taken  each  day  were  care- 
fully measured. 

First  Period,  Five  Days  before  the  Walk. — The  range  of 
variation  in  the  quantity  of  urine  during  this  period  was  not 
great,  the  extremes  being  32.45  fl§  (960  c.  c.),  and  46.15  n§ 
(1,365  c.  c.).  The  variations  do  not  present  any  definite  rela- 
tion to  the  quantity  of  liquids.  On  the  fourth  day,  with  32.45 
fl  §  of  urine,  the  liquids  taken  amounted  to  68.73  fl  § .  On 
the  third  day,  with  46.15  fl  3  of  urine,  the  liquids  taken 
amounted  to  55.56  fl  5  .  On  the  third  day,  when  the  quantity 
of  urine  was  the  greatest,  the  meteorological  record  is  the  fol- 
lowing :  Thermometer,  highest,  42°  Fahr.,  lowest,  29°  Fahr. ; 
humidity  (saturation  100)  61.36  ;  "  slight  rain  and  slight  snow 
at  6.15,  P.  M."  The  humidity  on  that  day  was  the  greatest  of 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXEECISE.        7l 

the  five.  On  the  fourth  day,  when  the  quantity  of  urine  was 
the  least,  the  record  was  as  follows :  Thermometer,  highest, 
36°  Fahr.,  lowest,  27°  Fahr. ;  humidity  56.66 ;  "  snow-squalls, 
clear  evening."  During  this  period,  the  excess  of  liquids  taken 
must  have  been  discharged  through  the  skin. 

The  average  quantity  of  urine  during  these  five  days  was 
37.84  fl  5  (1?134  c.  c.).  The  average  quantity  of  liquids  taken 
daily  was  65.56  fl  J  (1,966.8  c.  c.). 

Second  Period,  Five  Days  of  the  Walk. — The  range  of 
variation  in  the  quantity  of  urine  during  this  period  was  also 
slight,  the  extremes  being  43.60  fl^  (1,290  c.  c.),  on  the  fifth 
day,  and  32.52  flj  (965  c.  c.),  on  the  fourth  day.  The  varia- 
tions bore  no  definite  relation  to  the  meteorological  record. 
On  the  day  of  greatest  discharge  of  urine,  the  liquids  taken 
amounted  to  151.06  fl  § .  On  the  day  of  the  least  urine,  the 
liquids  taken  amounted  to  137.04  fl  § .  During  this  period, 
the  relations  between  the  quantity  of  urine  and  of  liquids  taken 
were  pretty  constant :  first  day,  urine,  42.09  fl  §  ,  liquids  taken, 
171.67  fl  5  ;  second  day,  urine,  33.50 fl§,  liquids  taken,  136.40 
flg  ;  third  day,  urine,  40.56  fl?,  liquids  taken,  158.75  fl§  ; 
fourth  day,  urine,  32.52  fl  5 ,  liquids  taken,  137.04  fl  g  ;  fifth 
day,  urine,  43.60  fl  §  ,  liquids  taken,  151.06  fl  g  . 

The  average  quantity  of  urine  during  these  five  days  was 
38.46  fl  5  (1,138  c.  c.).  The  average  quantity  of  liquids  taken 
was  150.40  fl  I  (4,512  c.  c.). 

The  average  of  38.46  fl  3  (1,138  c.  c.)  for  the  five  days  of 
the  walk,  against  38.14  fl  f  (1,134  c.  c.),  for  the  five  days  before 
the  walk,  shows  conclusively  that  the  walk  of  317^  miles  in 
five  days  did  not  aiFect  the  quantity  of  urine ;  and  that  the 
immense  amount  of  liquids  taken  during  that  time  must  have 
been  discharged  by  the  skin. 

Third  Period,  Five  Days  after  the  Walk. — The  varia- 
tions in  the  daily  discharge  of  urine  during  this  period  were 
very  considerable,  the  extremes  being  84.18  fl  f  (2,490  c.  c.), 
on  the  third  day,  and  31.59  fl  f  (937.5  c.  c.),  on  the  first  day. 
The  variations  bore  no  definite  relation  to  the  meteorological 
record.  There  was  no  definite  relation  between  the  quan- 
tity of  urine  and  the  liquid  ingesta.  On  the  third  day,  with 
84.18  fl  1  of  urine,  the  liquids  taken  amounted  to  57.87  fl  3  ; 


72         RELATIONS  OF  UEEA  TO  EXERCISE. 

and  on  the  first  day,  with  31.59  fl  3  of  urine,  the  liquids  taken 
amounted  to  46.74  fl  3  .  On  the  second  day,  the  liquids  taken 
amounted  to  104.82  fl  3  ,  and  the  urine  discharged,  46.14  fl  3  . 

The  average  quantity  of  urine  during  these  five  days  was 
58.14  fl  3  (1,720  c.  c.).  The  average  quantity  of  liquids  taken 
was  69.22  fl  3  (2,076.6  c.  c.). 

During  the  five  days  after  the  walk,  for  every  100  parts  of 
liquid  ingesta,  the  kidneys  discharged  84  parts.  During  the 
five  days  before  the  walk,  for  every  100  parts  of  liquid  ingesta, 
the  kidneys  discharged  58  parts.  This  is  probably  to  be  ex- 
plained by  the  exercise  of  8.2  miles  daily  for  the  five  days  before 
the  walk,  w^hich  would  increase  the  action  of  the  skin,  while 
after  the  walk,  the  exercise  was  only  2.2  miles  daily. 

It  will  not  be  necessary  to  consider  under  a  separate  head 
the  variations  in  the  specific  gravity  of  the  urine,  as  this  simply 
represents  the  solid  constituents,  which  will  be  taken  up  sepa- 
rately. 

Influence  of  Exercise  upon  the  Elimination  of  Nitrogen,  chiefly 
in  the  Urea,  and  the  Relations  between  the  Nitrogen  dis- 
charged and  the  Nitrogen  ingested. 

As  regards  the  elimination  of  nitrogen,  the  investigations 
were  undertaken  chiefly  with  reference  to  the  influence  of  the 
great  amount  of  muscular  exertion  during  the  five  days  of  the 
walk.  In  order  to  ascertain  exactly  the  amount  of  nitrogen 
excreted  at  this  time,  as  compared  with  that  discharged  under 
ordinary  conditions,  the  nitrogen  of  both  the  urea  and  faeces 
was  taken.  The  proportion  of  nitrogen  in  the  uric  acid,  cre- 
tine  and  creatinine  of  the  urine  is  so  insignificant,  as  compared 
with  the  total  discharge,  that  it  would  hardly  at  all  modify  the 
results  of  the  calculations.  During  the  fifteen  days,  Mr.  Wes- 
ton  took  food  according  to  his  fancy.  At  certain  times  during 
the  walk,  he  took  immense  quantities  of  tea  and  coffee ;  but 
the  results  of  the  calculations  show  that  the  modifications,  if 
any,  in  the  discharge  of  urea  produced  by  those  articles,  must 
have  been  greatly  overshadowed  by  those  due  to  the  mus- 
cular exertion.  In  the  discussion  of  this,  the  most  interesting 
and  important  of  all  the  questions  involved,  the  influence  of 
food  will  be  treated  of  from  a  secondary  point  of  view.  As  re- 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         73 

gards  this  point,  there  is  no  difference  of  opinion.  Xitro- 
genized  food  always  increases  the  elimination  of  urea;  and  so 
marked  is  this,  that  many  physiologists  hold  the  view  that  the 
urea  is  derived  almost  entirely  from  the  food.  This  is  one 
of  the  physiological  questions  definitively  settled  by  these  ob- 
servations. 

From  the  foregoing  considerations,  it  is  evident  that  the 
only  rigidly  accurate  way  to  determine  exactly  the  modifica- 
tions in  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  that  are  to  be  attributed 
to  muscular  exercise,  is  to  calculate  for  each  period,  and 
for  every  day  of  each  period,  the  proportion  borne  by  the 
nitrogen  in  the  urea  and  faeces  to  the  nitrogen  of  the  food. 
It  is  true  that  the  influence  of  the  food  of  one  day  may  be 
prolonged  for  one  or  more  days,  and  the  same  remark  may 
possibly  apply  to  the  exercise  ;  but  the  periods  of  five  days 
each  are  sufficiently  long  to  obviate  any  serious  error  from 
this  cause.  I  have  learned,  however,  from  these  calcula- 
tions, that  a  period  much  shorter  would  not  be  entirely  satis- 
factory. 

The  conclusions  that  I  shall  arrive  at  will  all  be 
drawn  from  Tables  A.*1)  B.O  C.<'>  for  the  first  period,  Tables 
A.OB.O  C/2)  for  the  second  period,  and  Tables  A/3)  B.O  C/8> 
for  the  third  period.  Table  D.  gives  the  daily  averages  for  the 
three  periods. 


First  Period,  Five  Days  before  the  TFaZ&—  For  the  first 
day  of  this  period,  the  total  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces 
amounted  to  323.26  grains  (20.945  grammes).  The  nitrogen 
of  the  food  amounted  to  361.22  grains  (23.404  grammes).  For 
every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  were  discharged  in 
the  urea  and  faeces,  89.49  parts.  The  exercise  was  fifteen 
miles.  The  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  about  30  per  cent,  above 
the  average  for  an  ordinary  man.  The  elimination  of  nitrogen 
per  100  parts  of  the  nitrogen  of  food  was  considerably  below 
the  average. 

On  the  second  day,  the  total  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  fseces 
was  301.18  grains  (18.181  grammes).  The  nitrogen  of  the 
food  amounted  to  288.35  grains  (18.682  grammes).  For  every 
100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  were  discharged  in  the 


74  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

urea  and  faeces,  104.45  parts.  The  exercise  was  five  miles. 
The  nitrogen  of  the  food  of  this  day  was  a  little  below  the 
average. 

On  the  third  day,  the  total  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces 
was  330.36  grains  (21.405  grammes).  The  nitrogen  of  the  food 
amounted  to  272.27  grains  (17.641  grammes),  much  below  the 
average  for  an  ordinary  man,  which  I  put  at  310  grains.  For 
every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  were  discharged  in 
the  urea  and  faeces,  121.3  parts.  The  exercise  was  five  miles. 

On  the  fourth  day,  the  total  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces 
was  300.57  grains  (19.475  grammes).  The  nitrogen  in  the 
food  amounted  to  335.01  grains  (21.706  grammes),  a  little 
above  the  average  for  an  ordinary  man.  For  every  100  parts 
of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  were  discharged  in  the  urea  and 
faeces,  89.75  parts.  The  exercise  was  fifteen  miles. 

On  the  fifth  day,  the  total  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces 
was  320.06  grains  (20.737  grammes).  The  nitrogen  of  the 
food  amounted  to  440.43  grains  (28.536  grammes),  very  much 
above  the  average.  For  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food, 
there  were  excreted  in  the  urea  and  faeces,  72.67  parts.  The 
exercise  was  one  mile,  with  ten  hours'  sleep. 

Taking  the  averages  for  the  five  days,  the  nitrogen  of  the 
urea  and  faeces  daily  was  315.09  grains  (20.149  grammes). 
The  daily  nitrogen  of  the  food  •  amounted  to  339.46  grains 
(21.994  grammes).  For  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food, 
there  were  excreted  in  the  urea  and  faeces,  95.53  parts,  which 
may  be  taken  as  the  normal  average  under  ordinary  conditions. 

From  these  figures,  the  following  important  conclusions 
may  be  drawn : 

1.  Under  ordinary  conditions,  about  95  per  cent,  of  the 
nitrogen  of  food  is  represented  in  the  urea  and  faeces,  the  re- 
maining 5  per  cent,  may  be  put  down  to  nitrogen  discharged 
in  other  ways,  and  to  an  allowance  for  error  in  the  estimates, 
particularly  in  the  food. 

2,  In  view  of  the  extraordinary  powers  of  endurance  of 
Mr.  Weston  and  his  habit  of  walking  long  distances,  I  do  not 
think  that  the  variations  in  the  amount  of  exercise  during  the 
five  days  are  to  be  regarded  as  sufficient  to  influence,  to  any 
great  extent,  the  elimination  of  nitrogen ;  and  I  consider  that 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA   TO    EXERCISE.  75 

these  variations  are  chiefly  due  to  the  nitrogen  of  the  ingesta. 
The  influence  of  the  food  is  undoubtedly  manifested  in  a  more 
marked  manner  one  or  two  days  after,  than  on  the  day  on 
which  the  excess  of  nitrogen  is  taken.  This  fact  has  been  rec- 
ognized by  physiologists,  especially  since  the  researches  of 
Lehmann,  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made.1  On  the 
first  day,  there  was  about  30  per  cent,  of  excess  of  nitrogen  in 
the  food,  and  89.49  parts  of  nitrogen  discharged  per  100  parts 
of  nitrogen  taken  in.  On  the  second  and  the  third  day,  the 
nitrogen  of  the  food  was  a  little  below  the  average.  On  these 
days,  there  was  an  average  of  112.87  parts  of  nitrogen  dis- 
charged per  100  parts  of  nitrogen  taken  in.  On  the  fourth 
day,  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  slightly  in  excess,  with  89.75 
parts  per  100  discharged.  On  the  fifth  day,  the  nitrogen  in 
the  food  was  very  largely  in  excess  (42  per  cent.),  with  72.67 
parts  per  100  discharged.  The  absolute  quantity  of  nitrogen 
discharged  on  the  fifth  day  was  large,  but  the  proportion  per 
100  of  the  nitrogen  of  food  was  overbalanced  by  the  immense 
quantity  introduced. 

What  is  the  mechanism  of  the  influence  of  nitrogenized 
food  upon  the  discharge  of  nitrogen  by  the  excretions  ?  Does 
the  excremental  nitrogen  come  from  a  direct  change  of  the 
nitrogenized  constituents  of  the  blood  into  urea  in  the  blood 
itself,  or  is  it  derived  from  the  nitrogenized  food  used,  through 
the  blood,  in  building  up  the  nitrogenized  semi-solids  of  the 
"body,  passing  into  the  excretions  through  the  processes  of  nu- 
trition and  disassimilatitol 

Although  the  answer  to  this  question  is,  perhaps,  beyond 
the  limits  of  actual  demonstration,  the  attainable  facts  point 
very  strongly  to  the  following  solution  : 

The  nitrogenized  food  occupies  several  hours  in  its  diges- 
tion and  appropriation  by  the  blood,  where  it  is  changed  into 
the  nitrogenized  nutritive  principles  of  the  circulating  fluid. 
The  process  of  its  appropriation  by  the  nitrogenized  elements 
of  the  tissues,  particularly  the  muscular  system,  is  probably 
slower  still.  The  chief  product  of  disassimilation  of  the  nitro- 
genized elements  of  the  tissues  is  urea ;  and  its  separation  is  very 
slow  and  gradual,  part  of  it  being  taken  up  from  the  tissues 

1  LEHMAN^,  Physiological  Chemistry,  Philadelphia,  1855,  vol.  i.,  p.  150. 


76         RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE. 

directly  by  the  blood,  and  part  passing  into  the  blood  by  the 
lymph.  This  fact  is  illustrated  by  the  slow  accumulation  of  urea 
in  the  blood  after  extirpation  of  the  kidneys.  If  this  be  the 
mechanism  of  the  production  of  urea,  the  increase  in  its  quantity 
would  be  marked  for  a  day  or  two  after  the  introduction  of  an 
excess  of  nitrogenized  food,  which  is  a  fact  sufficiently  well 
demonstrated  by  actual  observation.  If  the  excess  of  urea 
were  directly  formed  in  the  blood  from  an  excess  of  nitro- 
genized food,  being  discharged  by  the  urine  and  leaving  a 
stated  and  but  slightly  variable  amount  resulting  from  the 
actual  disassimilation  of  the  tissues,  its  increased  discharge 
from  an  excess  of  nitrogenized  food  would  be  more  rapidly 
developed. 

Second  Period,  Five  Days  of  the  Walk. — On  the  first  day 
of  this  period,  Mr.  Weston  walked  eighty  miles,  with  one  hour 
of  sleep.  The  total  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces  amounted 
to  357.10  grains  (22.167  grammes).  The  nitrogen  of  the  food 
was  reduced  more  than  50  per  cent,  below  the  average,  amount- 
ing to  only  151.55  grains  (9.820  grammes).  For  every  100 
parts  of  nitrogen  introduced,  there  were  235.63  parts  of  nitro- 
gen discharged. 

This  enormous  discharge  of  nitrogen,  in  proportion  to  the 
nitrogen  of  the  food,  may  be  in  part  explained  by  the  large 
excess  of  nitrogen  taken  the  day  before  ;  but  by  far  the  greatest 
part  can  be  attributed  only  to  the  extraordinary  muscular  ex- 
ertion and  the  consequent  waste  of  the  muscular  tissue.  The 
loss  of  weight  on  the  first  day  was  43.2  oz.  (1,224.00  grammes.) 

On  the  second  day,  Mr.  Weston  walked  forty-eight  miles, 
with  4  hours  and  28  minutes  of  sleep.  The  total  nitrogen 
of  the  urea  and  faeces  amounted  to  370.64  grains  (24.015 
grammes).  The  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  largely  increased, 
amounting  to  265.92  grains  (17.229  grammes).  For  every 
100  parts  of  nitrogen  introduced,  there  were  discharged, 
139.39  parts.  On  this  day,  there  was  still  a  large  excess  of 
nitrogen  discharged ;  but  the  proportion  per  100  parts  of  the 
nitrogen  introduced  was  reduced  by  the  increase  in  the  propor- 
tion in  the  food.  The  excessive  discharge  of  nitrogen  on  this 
day  is  to  be  attributed  almost  exclusively  to  the  muscular  ex- 
ertion of  that,  and,  perhaps,  of  the  previous  day. 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.        77 


On  the  third  day,  Mr.  Weston  walked  ninety-two 
with  30  minutes'  sleep.  The  entire  quantity  of  nitrogen  of 
the  urea  (no  *fseces  were  passed)  was  enormous,  amounting  to 
397.58  grains  (25.760  grammes,  representing  851.95  grains 
(55.200  grammes)  of  urea,  by  far  the  largest  amount  dis- 
charged for  any  one  of  the  five  days.  This  corresponded  to 
the  greatest  amount  of  muscular  exertion,  a  fact  which  is  very 
significant.  The  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  slightly  diminished, 
amounting  to  228.61  grains  (14.812  grammes).  For  every  100 
parts  of  nitrogen  introduced,  there  were  discharged,  173.91 
parts.  This  excessive  discharge  of  nitrogen  can  only  be  at- 
tributed to  the  muscular  exertion.  On  that  day,  Mr.  "Weston 
took  six  pints  of  strong  coffee,  which,  if  it  had  any  effect, 
would  have  diminished  the  elimination  of  urea. 

On  the  fourth  day,  Mr.  Weston  walked  fifty-seven  miles, 
with  one  hour  of  sleep.  The  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces 
amounted  to  348.53  grains  (22.582  grammes).  The  nitrogen  of 
the  food  was  on  this  day  diminished  to  the  minimum,  amount- 
ing to  only  144.70  grains  (9.376  grammes).  For  every  100 
parts  of  nitrogen  introduced,  there  were  discharged,  240.86 
parts,  the  largest  excess  observed  during  the  five  days. 

At  10.30  p.  M.,  on  this  day,  Mr.  "Weston  broke  down  com- 
pletely. He  could  not  see  the  track,  and  was  taken  staggering  to 
his  room,  having  reached,  apparently,  the  limit  of  his  endurance. 
His  condition  at  that  time,  as  shown  by  the  records,  was  as 
follows  :  He  had  lost  in  weight  83.2  oz.  (2,358.00  grammes), 
being  reduced  from  119.2  Ibs.  (54  k.  62  grammes)  to  114  Ibs. 
(51  k.  704  grammes).  He  had  taken  a  daily  average  of  197.70 
grains  (12.809  grammes)  of  nitrogen  in  his  food,  while  walking 
an  average  of  sixty-nine  and  a  quarter  miles  per  diem,  with  an 
average  of  sleep  in  the  twenty-four  hours  of  1  hour  and 
44  minutes,  for  four  days.  His  daily  average  of  nitrogen 
should  have  been  310  grains  (about  20  grammes),  not  allow- 
ing for  an  increased  quantity  demanded  to  supply  the  waste 
engendered  by  his  excessive  muscular  exertion.  He  had  dis- 
charged for  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  introduced,  a  daily 
average  of  197.45  parts,  nearly  double,  for  four  days.  The 
calculations,  as  well  as  the  general  condition  of  the  system, 


78  EELATIONS    OF    UEEA   TO    EXEKCISE. 

show  that  the  period  had  probably  arrived  when  repair  of  the 
muscular  substance  had  become  absolutely  necessary. 

If  these  facts  be  accepted,  and,  leaving  the  widest  margin 
for  inaccuracy  in  the  estimates,  they  cannot  involve  any  con- 
siderable error,  it  is  impossible  to  come  to  any  other  conclu- 
sion than  that  excessive  and  prolonged  muscular  exertion  in- 
creases enormously  the  excretion  of  nitrogen,  and  that  the 
excess  of  nitrogen  discharged  is  due  to  an  increased  disas- 
similation  of  the  muscular  substance ;  and  it  is  to  be  remem- 
bered that  the  experiments  upon  which  this  statement  is  based 
were  made  with  a  diet  regulated  solely  by  the  taste  of  the  indi- 
vidual under  observation. 

On  the  fifth  day,  after  9  hours  and  26  minutes  of  sleep,  the 
system  reacted  completely,  and  Mr.  Weston  walked  forty  and 
a  half  miles.  The  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces  was  332. 7 T 
grains  (21.561  grammes).  The  nitrogen  of  the  food  was 
increased  165  per  cent.,  amounting  to  383.04  grains  (24.818 
grammes).  For  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there 
were  discharged,  84.27  parts.  The  absolute  quantity  of  nitrogen 
discharged  was  still  very  great,  but  the  proportion  to  the  nitro- 
gen introduced  was  reduced  by  the  great  quantity  in  the  food. 

On  this  day,  when  there  was  apparent  reaction  after  the 
complete  prostration  of  the  fourth  day,  the  system  seemed  to 
appropriate  nitrogen,  as  it  were,  with  avidity,  to  repair  the  im- 
poverished muscular  tissue.  The  weight  was  increased  on  this 
day  by  28  oz.  (793  grammes). 

A  study  of  the  averages  for  the  five  days  of  this  period  de- 
velops points  of  great  interest  and  importance,  some  of  which 
have  already  been  considered  in  connection  with  the  variations 
in  weight : 

First.  The  absolute  discharge  of  nitrogen  by  the  urea  and 
faeces  for  each  day,  without  considering  the  nitrogen  of  the 
food,  is  in  a  nearly  uniform  proportion  to  the  number  of  miles 
walked.  This  proportion  is  but  little  disturbed,  if  it  be  as- 
sumed that  the  influence  of  the  ingestion  of  nitrogen  is  pro- 
longed for  a  period  of  from  twenty -four  to 'forty-eight  hours. 

Second.  During  the  walk  of  317J  miles  in  five  consecu- 
tive days,  for  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  taken  in  with  the 
food,  there  were  discharged  in  the  urea  and  faeces,  174.81 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         79 

parts,  against  95.53  parts  per  100  for  the  five  days  before  the 
walk,  and  91.93  parts  per  100  for  the  five  days  after  the  walk. 
Third.  The  actual  loss  of  weight  during  the  five  days  of 
the  walk,  was  3.450  Ibs.  (1,565.00  grammes).  The  total  quan- 
tity of  nitrogen  discharged  in  the  urea  and  faeces  during  this 
period,  in  excess  of  the  nitrogen  taken  in  with  the  food,  was 
633.80  grains  (40.030  grammes).  Assuming  that  3  parts  of 
this  nitrogen  represents  the  waste  of  100  parts  of  muscular 
tissue,  the  loss  of  muscular  tissue  calculated  from  the  nitrogen 
excreted  would  amount  to  3.018  Ibs.  (1,334.33  grammes),  leav- 
ing only  0.43  of  a  pound  (230.67  grammes)  unaccounted  for, 
which  might  be  fat  or  water.1 

Third  Period,  Five  Days  after  the  Walk. — The  record 
of  the  fifth  day  of  the  second  period  shows  that  the  system 
had  already  begun  to  recuperate  after  the  depression  of  the 
fourth  day,  notwithstanding  the  walk  of  forty  and  a  half 
miles.  The  explanation  of  this  is  to  be  found  in  the  long 
sleep  and  the  amount  of  nitrogenized  food  taken.  During 
the  third  period,  the  exercise  was  practically  nothing,  being 
only  2.2  miles  daily;  the  sleep  averaged  8  hours  and  29 
minutes ;  and  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  averaged  440.93  grains 
(28.569  grammes).  Mr.  Weston  did  nothing  but  eat,  sleep, 
and  amuse  himself,  and  this  was  a  period  of  complete  bodily 
and  mental  repose,  admirably  calculated  for  recuperation  after 
the  immense  muscular  exertion  of  the  five  days  before.  At 
the  end  of  the  five  days,  the  weight  had  advanced  to  120.75 
Ibs.  (54  k.  765  grammes) ;  0.25  of  a  pound  (110.00  grammes) 
over  the  weight' at  the  beginning  of  the.  observations.  Imme- 
diately ai'ter  the  walk,  Mr.  Weston  felt  perfectly  well  and  con- 
tinued well  for  the  five  days,  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  head- 
ache on  the  afternoon  and  evening  of  the  fifth  day.  He 
smoked  from  five  to  seven  cigars  daily,  but  took  no  alcoholic 
stimulants.  His  diet  was  normal  in  variety,  but  on  some  days 
the  quantity  of  solid  food  was  very  large. 

On  the  first  day,  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  385.65  grains 
(24.987  grammes),  about  64  per  cent,  above  the  average  for 

1  See  the  section  on  variations  in  weight. 


80         RELATIONS  OF  UEEA  TO  EXERCISE. 

the  five. days  of  the  walk.  The  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces 
amounted  to  295. 70  grains  (19.159  grammes),  about  18  per 
cent,  below  the  average  for  the  five  days  of  the  walk.  This 
reduction  in  the  amount  of  nitrogen  excreted  is  very  significant. 
For  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  were  discharged 
in  the  urea  and  faeces,  76.68  parts. 

On  the  second  day,  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  very  much 
increased,  amounting  to  499.10  grains  (32.338  grammes).  The 
nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces  was  358.81  grains  (23.248 
grammes).  For  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there 
were  discharged,  71.81  parts. 

On  the  third  day,  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  diminished, 
though  it  still  largely  exceeded  the  standard  for  an -ordinary 
man.  On  this  day  it  was  394.83  grains  (25.582  grammes). 
The  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and  faeces  was  largely  increased, 
amounting  to  409.87  grains  (26.556  grammes).  For  every  100 
parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  were  discharged,  103.81  parts. 
This  excess  of  nitrogen  discharged  is  to  be  attributed  to  the 
immense  quantity  of  nitrogen  taken  with  the  food  on  the  day 
before. 

On  the  fourth  day,  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  in  enor- 
mous quantity,  amounting  to  641.71  grains  (41.578  grammes), 
more  than  double  the  average  for  an  ordinary  man.  The 
nitrogen  discharged  in  the  urea  and  faeces  was  382.89  grains 
(24.808  grammes).  For  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  of  food, 
there  were  discharged,  59.67  parts.  This  proportion  was  re- 
duced by  the  very  large  quantity  of  nitrogen  taken  with  the 
food. 

On  the  fifth  day,  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  reduced  to 
a  little  below  the  average  for  an  ordinary  man,  amounting  to 
283.35  grains  (18.359  grammes).  The  nitrogen  of  the  urea  and 
faeces  was  418.49  grains  (27.125  grammes),  much  more  than 
the  discharge  on  any  day  during  the  fifteen.  For  every  100 
parts  of  nitrogen  of  food,  there  were  discharged,  147.69 
parts.  This  active  discharge  of  nitrogen  is  explained  by  the 
immense  amount  taken  in  the  food  on  the  previous  day.  On 
this  day,  at  midnight,  the  observations  were  terminated. 

The  daily  observations  during  this  period,  taken  in  con- 
nection with  those  during  the  five  days  before  the  walk,  have 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         81 

established  the  following  important  fact  with  relation  to  the 
influence  of  nitrogenized  food  upon  the  excretion  of  nitrogen  : 

Every  day  that  an  excess  of  nitrogenized  food  was  taken,  it 
was  followed,  on  the  succeeding  day,  and,  on  one  occasion,  on 
the  succeeding  two  days,  by  a  largely  increased  discharge  of 
nitrogen  in  the  urea  and  faeces,  the  discharge  on  these  days 
exceeding  the  amount  taken  in  the  food;  but  the  general 
average  for  five  days,  during  the  period  of  five  days  before 
the  walk,  and  the  period  of  five  days  after  the  walk,  was 
from  92  to  95  parts  of  nitrogen  discharged,  for  every  100 
parts  of  nitrogen  introduced. 

The  average  for  the  five  days  after  the  walk  shows  an  intro- 
duction of  440.93  grains  (28.569  grammes)  of  nitrogen  daily? 
an  excess  of  about  42  per  cent,  over  the  average  for  an  ordinary 
man.  For  every  100  parts  of  nitrogen  in  the  food,  the  average 
daily  excretion,  during  this  period,  was  91.93  parts. 

Influence  of  Exercise  upon  the  Elimination  of  Uric  Acid. 

The  results  of  the  observations  during  the  three  periods,  as 
regards  the  influence  of  the  exercise  during  the  five  days  of 
the  walk,  and  the  influence  of  food  during  the  five  days  before 
and  the  five  days  after  the  walk,  are  unsatisfactory,  and  inter- 
esting chiefly  in  a  negative  point  of  view. 

The  quantities  of  uric  acid  for  each  day  present  very  wide 
variations.  For  example,  on  the  fourth  day  of  the  walk, 
the  exercise  being  fifty-seven  miles,  the  quantity  was  9.21 
grains  (0.597  of  a  gramme),  the  greatest  amount  for  any  one 
day ;  and  on  the  second  day  of  the  walk,  the  exercise  being 
forty-eight  miles,  the  uric  acid  was  0.14  of  a  grain  (0.009  of  a 
gramme) ;  the  smallest  amount  for  any  one  day.  On  the  second 
day  of  the  first  period,  the  quantity  was  4.03  grains  (0.261  of  a 
gramme) ;  and  on  the  third  day  after  the  walk,  the  quantity 
was  0.31  of  a  grain  (0.02  of  a  gramme).  I  have  carefully  com- 
pared the  quantities  for  each  day  with  the  amount  of  exercise  ? 
and  can  find  no  definite  relation  between  them.  I  have  care- 
fully compared  the  quantities  for  each  day  with  the  character 
and  quantity  of  food,  and  with  no  more' satisfactory  result.  In- 
asmuch as  on  certain  days  during  the  walk,  Mr.  Weston  took 
immense  quantities  of  coifee,  it  occurred  to  me  that  this  might 


82  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

influence  the  uric  acid ;  but  I  did  not  find  any  confirmation  of 
this  idea  in  the  tables.  I  calculated  also  for  each  day  the  pro- 
portion of  uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea  discharged,  with  the 
view  of  confirming  or  disproving  the  idea  that  uric  acid  is  real- 
ly urea  in  an  imperfect  condition  of  oxidation ;  but  the  results 
of  these  calculations  were  also  unsatisfactory.  Finally,  I  coin- 
pared  the  sleep  and  the  meteorological  record  with  the  uric 
acid,  and  could  establish  no  relation  between  them.  The 
variations  were  so  irregular  that  it  was  impossible  to  trace  any 
influence  upon  the  uric  acid  due  to  food  or  exercise,  even  if  it 
be  assumed  that  the  influence  might  be  protracted  for  a  period 
of  one  or  more  days. 

As  it  is  impossible  to  draw  any  positive  conclusions  from  a 
comparison  of  the  quantities  of  uric  acid  excreted  day  by  day, 
I  can  only  refer  to  the  averages  for  the  three  periods  of  five 
days  each. 

The  average  daily  excretion  of  uric  acid  for  the  five  days 
before  the  walk  was  2.26  grains  (0.127  of  a  gramme).  The 
proportion  of  uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea  for  this  period 
was  0.362  of  a  part. 

The  average  daily  excretion  for  the  five  days,  walking  in  all 
317|-  miles,  was  3  grains  (0.194  of  a  gramme).  The  proportion 
of  uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea  for  this  period  was  0.409  of 
a  part. 

The  average  daily  excretion  for  the  five  days  after  the  walk 
was  1.42  grains  (0.082  of  a  gramme).  The  proportion  of  uric 
acid  per  100  parts  of  urea  for  this  period  was  0.187  of  a  part. 

These  results,  in  view  of  the  inexplicable  daily  variations 
in  the  uric  acid,  are  not  sufficiently  definite  to  lead  to  any 
positive  conclusions.  As  far  as  they  go,  they  show  an  increase 
in  the  uric  acid  of  about  33  per  cent,  during  the  period  of  ex- 
traordinary muscular  exertion.  During  the  period  of  complete 
muscular  inactivity,  with  an  excess  of  food,  the  excretion  was 
diminished  about  one-half. 

The  observations  have  developed,  however,  the  following 
negative  facts : 

1.  There  is  no  apparent  relation  between  the  increase  of  urea 
and  of  uric  acid,  except  that  both  are  increased,  with  the  other 
solid  constituents  of  the  urine.  In  other  words,  in  increasing  the 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.         83 

urea  by  exercise,  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  uric  acid  is  oxi- 
dized and  converted  into  urea ;  for  if  that  were  the  case,  with 
the  increase  in  the  quantity  of  urea,  there  would  be  a  diminu- 
tion in  the  proportion  of  uric  acid  per  100  parts  of  urea ;  and 
this  does  not  occur. 

2.  It  is  not  shown  that  the  quantity  of  nitrogenized  food 
has  any  influence  upon  the  elimination  of  uric  acid  ;  unless  i-t 
be  assumed  that  the  diminution  in  the  uric  acid,  during  the 
period  of  inactivity  and  excess  of  nitrogenized  food,  be  due  to 
the  food  alone. 

The  important  physiological  results  which  I  hoped  to 
arrive  at  by  studying  the  uric  acid,  with  the  inevitable  appli- 
cations of  such  results  to  pathological  conditions,  were  not 
realized ;  and  it  must  be  admitted  that  our  positive  knowledge 
of  the  relations  of  uric  acid  to  nutrition  and  disassimilation 
has  not  been  advanced  by  these  researches,  though  some  im- 
portant negative  facts  have  been  developed. 

Influence  of  Exercise  upon  the  Elimination  of  Inorganic 
Salts  by  the  Kidneys. 

In  studying  the  variations  in  the  proportions  of  the  in- 
organic salts  in  the  urine,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  phosphoric 
and  the  sulphuric  acid  are  generally  in  about  the  same  ratio 
to  each  other,  their  excretion  being  apparently  increased  and 
diminished  by  the  same  causes.  With  the  chloride  of  sodium, 
however,  it  is  different.  For  example,  on  the  third  day  of  the 
walk,  the  amount  of  phosphoric  acid  is  very  large,  while  the 
chloride  of  sodium  is  in  very  small  quantity,  nearly  at  the 
minimum.  As  it  is  not  improbable  that  different  causes  may 
influence,  on  the  one  hand,  the  phosphoric  and  the  sulphuric 
acid,  and  on  the  other,  the  chloride  of  sodium,  it  will  be  proper 
to  consider  the  chloride  by  itself. 

Phosphoric  and  Sulphuric  Acid. — It  is  undoubtedly  true 
that  the  excretion  of  the  phosphates  and  sulphates  by  the  kid- 
neys is  largely  influenced  by  the  quantity  of  these  principles 
in  the  food.  They  must,  however,  pass  into  the  urine  in  one 
or  both  of  two  ways ;  either  directly  from  the  blood,  as  the 
salts  are  taken  up  by  absorption,  without  becoming  a  part  of 


84  RELATIONS    OF    TIKE  A   TO    EXERCISE. 

the  tissues,  or  they  may  come  from  the  tissues,  by  a  process 
analogous  to  that  of  the  production  of  urea.  If  these  salts 
passed  directly  from  the  blood,  their  elimination  would  be  al- 
most entirely  under  the  influence  of  the  food,  and  this  in- 
fluence would  be  manifested  soon  after  their  introduction.  If 
the  phosphates  and  sulphates  of  the  urine  be  derived  from  the 
tissues,  in  the  process  of  disassimilation,  when  this  process  is 
increased  in  activity,  as  it  was  during  the  five  days  of  the 
walk,  the  influence  of  the  food  would  probably  be  over- 
shadowed by  the  exaggerated  activity  of  disassimilation,  due  to 
the  extraordinary  muscular  effort.  It  is  not  possible  to  subject 
these  questions  to  rigidly  scientific  inquiry  without  estimating 
exactly  the  phosphoric  and  the  sulphuric  acid  in  the  food.  This 
w^as  impracticable ;  but  the  solid  food  was  so  little  changed 
in  its  character  during  the  different  days  of  the  three  periods, 
that  the  variations  in  its  quantity  will  be,  to  a  certain  extent, 
a  measure  of  the  introduction  of  the  inorganic  salts. 

First  Period,  Five  Days  'before  the  Walk. — During  this 
period,  the  range  of  variation  from  day  to  day  was  from  43.01 
to  67.00  for  the  phosphoric  acid,  and  from  38.18  to  51.50  for 
the  sulphuric  acid.  With  one  exception,  these  two  acids  varied 
from  day  to  day  in  about  the  same  ratio.  On  the  first  day, 
the  phosphoric  acid  was  in  large  quantity,  with  a  small  quan- 
tity of  sulphuric  acid.  With  the  exception  of  the  fifth  day, 
both  the  phosphoric  and  the  sulphuric  acid  were  varied  in  a 
tolerably  constant  ratio  to  the  variations  in  the  nitrogenized 
food,  being  increased  with  the  food,  and  vice  versa.  On  the 
fifth  day,  when  the  quantity  of  nitrogenized  food  was  the 
greatest,  both  the  phosphoric  and  the  sulphuric  acid  were 
below  the  average  for  the  five  days.  On  this  day,  the  exercise 
was  very  slight,  only  one  mile. 

The  most  marked  and  constant  variations  during  this  period 
were  with  the  exercise,  especially  in  the  phosphoric  acid.  On 
the  first  day,  the  exercise  was  fifteen  miles ;  the  phosphoric  acid 
was  51.46  grains  (3.334  grammes),  the  average  for  the  five  days 
being  50.14  grains  (3.262  grammes),  and  the  sulphuric  acid  was 
38.37  grains  (2.486  grammes),  the  average  being  41.57  grains 
(2.693  grammes).  On  the  fourth  day,  the  exercise  was  fifteen 
miles ;  the  phosphoric  acid  was  67  grains  (4.341  grammes),  and 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXEECISE.         85 

the  sulphuric  acid,  51.50  grains  (3.337  grammes).  On  this  day, 
the  loss  of  weight  was  24  oz.  (687  grammes),  the  greatest 
amount  of  loss  for  any  one  of  the  five  days.  On  the  second 
and  the  third  day,  both  the  phosphoric  and  the  sulphuric  acid 
were  slightly  below  the  average  for  the  five  days,  with  five 
miles  of  exercise  during  each  day.  On  the  fifth  day,  with  ten 
hours  of  sleep  and  one  mile  of  exercise,  the  phosphoric  acid 
was  43.01  grains  (2.787  grammes),  and  the  sulphuric  acid, 
38.18  grains  (2.474  grammes),  the  smallest  quantities  during 
the  five  days. 

During  this  period,  the  increase  in  the  phosphoric  and  the 
sulphuric  acid  with  the  exercise  was  constant. 

Second  Period,  Five  Days  of  the  Walk.— During  this 
period,  the  ratio  of  variations  between  the  phosphoric  and  the 
sulphuric  acid  was  constant,  with  the  exception  of  the  fifth 
day,  when  the  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  was  a  little  greater 
than  on  the  fourth  day,  while  the  phosphoric  acid  was  less. 
During  this  period,  there  was  no  definite  relation  between  the 
quantities  of  these  two  acids  and  the  nitrogenized  food ;  the 
influence  of  the  food  being  apparently  overshadowed  by  the 
exercise.  The  relations  between  the  phosphoric  acid  and  the 
exercise  were  nearly  absolute.  Taking  the  exercise  from  the 
highest  to  the  lowest  points,  the  relations  were  as  follows : 

Third  day.    Exercise  92  miles.  P05  102.25  grains  (6.625  grammes). 

First  day.            "        80     "  "      84.95      "      (5.504         "       ). 

Fourth  day.         "       57     u  "      66.90      "      (4.296        "       ). 

Second  day.        "        48      "  "       72.14      "       (4.674         "       ). 

Fifth  day.            '•        40£   u  "      57.49      "       (3.725         "       ). 

The  variations  in  the  sulphuric  acid  were  not  so  absolute  : 

Third  day.    Exercise  92  miles.  S03  63.71  grains  (4.128  grammes). 

First  day.  "       80     "  "  73.39      "      (4.755        "       ). 

Fourth  day.         "        57     "  "  32.66      "      (2.116         "       ). 

Second  day.        "        48     "  "  56.90      "      (3.687         "       ). 

Fifth  day.  "        40£   "  "  40.84      u      (2.646         "       ). 

These  calculations  show  a  decided  and  nearly  absolute  rela- 
tion between  the  excretion  of  phosphoric  acid  and  the  amount 
of  exercise.  On  the  fourth  day,  with  fifty-seven  miles  of  exer- 


86  KELATIOXS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

cise,  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  was  about  forty-six  per  cent,  less 
than  on  the  second  day,  with  forty-eight  miles  of  exercise. 
This  will,  perhaps,  account  for  the  diminished  excretion  during 
the  day  of  less  exercise. 

As  regards  the  sulphuric  acid,  the  conclusions  are  about 
the  same  as  for  the  phosphoric  acid.  The  diminished  excre- 
tion on  the  second  day  is  also  accounted  for  by  the  small 
amount  of  nitrogenized  food  taken  on  that  day. 

Third  Period,  Five  Days  after  the  Walk. — During  this 
period,  the  exercise  was  practically  nothing ;  and  this  element 
does  not,  therefore,  enter  into  the  calculation  of  the  variations 
of  the  inorganic  constituents  of  the  urine.  Although  the 
variations  in  the  phosphoric  and  the  sulphuric  acid  were  con- 
siderable, as  were  the  daily  variations  in  the  nitrogenized  food, 
there  seemed  to  be  no  definite  relation  between  them.  I  shall, 
therefore,  give  for  this  period  simply  the  extremes  and  the 
averages. 

On  the  third  day,  the  quantities  both  of  phosphoric  and  of 
sulphuric  acid  were  the  greatest.  The  phosphoric  acid  was 
105.68  grains  (6.847  grammes).  The  sulphuric  acid  was  53.57 
grains  (3.471  grammes).  On  the  first  day,  the  phosphoric  acid 
was  least  in  quantity,  being  29.06  grains  (1.833  grammes), 
with  49.53  grains  (3.209  grammes)  of  sulphuric  acid.  On  the 
second  day,  the  sulphuric  acid  was  least  in  quantity,  being 
46.07  grains  (2.985  grammes),  with  46.93  grains  (3.041 
grammes)  of  phosphoric  acid. 

The  averages  for  the  five  days  of  this  period  were  as  fol- 
lows: Phosphoric  acid,  56.89  grains  (3.674  grammes);  sul- 
phuric acid,  49.02  grains  (3.176  grammes). 

Averages  for  the  Three  Periods. — The  averages  for  the 
three  periods  of  five  days,  each  show  very  clearly  the  influence 
of  exercise  upon  the  elimination  of  phosphoric  and  sulphuric 
acid ;  and  the  averages  for  the  period  of  five  days  before  the 
walk,  and  the  period  of  five  days  after  the  walk,  sh'ow  the  in- 
fluence of  food,  probably  attributable  to  the  phosphates  and 
sulphates  combined  with  the  nitrogenized  matters. 

For  the  first  period,  five  days  before  the  walk,  the  average 
discharge  of  phosphoric  acid  was  50.14  grains  (3.262  grammes), 


RELATIONS  OF  UREA  TO  EXERCISE.        87 

and  of  sulphuric  acid,  41.57  grains  (2.693  grammes).  The 
average  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  was  339.46  grains 
(21.994  grammes). 

For  the  second  period,  five  days  of  the  walk,  the  average 
discharge  of  phosphoric  acid  was  76.63  grains  (4.965  grammes), 
and  of  sulphuric  acid,  53.50  grains  (3.666  grammes).  The 
average  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  was  234.76  grains 
(13.211  grammes). 

For  the  third  period,  five  days  after  the  walk,  the  average 
discharge  of  phosphoric  acid  was  56.89  grains  (3.674  grammes), 
and  of  sulphuric  acid,  49.02  grains  (3.176  grammes).  The 
average  quantity  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  was  440.93  grains 
(28.569  grammes). 

These  averages  show  that  the  walk  of  317J-  miles  in  five 
consecutive  days  increased  the  excretion  of  phosphoric  acid 
more  than  50  per  cent,  over  the  excretion  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions, notwithstanding  that  the  nitrogenized  food  was  dimin- 
ished 31  per  cent.  Under  the  same  conditions,  there  was  an 
increase  of  about  30  per  cent,  in  the  excretion  of  sulphuric 
acid.  The  influence  of  exercise  upon  the  excretion  of  the  phos- 
phates and  sulphates,  irrespective  of  the  composition  of  the 
food,  cannot  be  doubted. 

A  comparison  of  the  averages  for  the  first  period,  five 
days  before  the  walk,  and  the  third  period,  five  days  after  the 
walk,  shows  an  increase  in  the  excretion  of  phosphoric  acid, 
for  the  third  period,  of  13.4  per  cent.,  with  an  increase  of  30 
per  cent,  in  the  quantity  of  nitrogenized  food.  Under  the 
same  conditions,  the  excretion  of  sulphuric  acid  was  increased 
19.2  per  cent. 

Chloride  of  Sodium. — In  the  absence  of  exact  estimates  of 
the  quantities  of  chloride  of  sodium  contained  in  the  food  of 
each  day,  there  is  little  to  be  learned  from  the  variations  in 
excretion  of  this  salt  by  the  kidneys.  Such  estimates  were 
manifestly  impracticable.  The  salt  used  as  a  condiment  was 
averaged  for  the  four  days  of  the  first  period,  and  for  the 
fifth  day  of  this  period  with  the  five  days  of  the  walk.  For 
the  five  days  after  the  walk,  the  quantity  of  salt  used  was 
weighed  each  day.  I  can  form  no  definite  idea  of  the  salt 


88  KELATIONS    OF    TJEEA    TO    EXERCISE. 

used  in  cooking  for  the  five  days  before  the  walk  and  the  five 
days  after  the  walk ;  but  on  some  of  the  days  of  the  walk, 
particularly  the  third  and  fourth,  the  diet  consisted  largely  of 
beef-essence  and  oatmeal-gruel.  No  salt  was  added  to  the 
beef-essence,  which  was  prepared  under  my  own  direction,  and 
very  little  was  used  in  the  preparation  of  the  oatmeal-gruel. 

First  Period,  Five  Days  before  the  Walk. — The  average 
quantity  of  salt  used  as  a  condiment  during  this  period  was 
34.5  grains  (2.235  grammes).  During  the  five  days,  the  pro- 
portion of  nitrogenized  food  and  the  elimination  of  chloride  of 
sodium  presented  no  definite  relation  to  each  other.  The 
variations  in  the  chloride  of  sodium  of  the  urine  were  not  very 
considerable,  and  had  no  definite  relation  to  the  exercise.  The 
greatest  quantity  was  on  the  first  day,  amounting  to  195.02 
grains  (12.636  grammes)  ;  and  the  smallest  quantity  was  on 
the  fourth  day,  when  it  was  106.68  grains  (6.912  grammes). 
In  the  absence  of  any  definite  relation  between  the  excretion 
of  chloride  of  sodium  and  either  the  food  or  the  exercise,  I 
can  only  use  the  average  for  this  period,  which  was  159.45 
grains  (10.331  grammes). 

Second  Period,  Five  Days  of  the  Walk. — There  are  one  or 
two  interesting  points  in  connection  with  the  elimination  of  chlo- 
ride of  sodium  during  this  period.  The  nitrogenized  food, 
which  would  contain  nearly  all  the  chloride  of  sodium,  was  di- 
minished 31  per  cent.,  and  the  average  quantity  of  salt  used  as 
a  condiment  was  35  grains  (2.265  grammes).  The  average  elim- 
ination of  chloride  of  sodium  by  the  kidneys  was  only  65.08 
grains  (4.217  grammes) ;  but  a  large  amount  must  have  been 
eliminated  by  the  skin,  the  average  cutaneous  and  pulmonary 
exhalation  daily  being  138.41  oz.  (3,875.18  grammes),  against 
61.63oz.  (1,690.91  grammes),  for  the  five  days  before  the  walk, 
and  62.82  oz.  (1,706.78  grammes),  for  the  five  days  after  the 
walk. 

On  the  third  day,  when  the  food  contained,  probably,  the 
minimum  proportion  of  salt,  the  salt  of  the  urine  was  reduced 
to  44.45  grains  (2.88  grammes),  about  32  per  cent,  below  the 
average  for  the  five -days.  On  the  fourth  day,  it  is  probable 
that  a  little  more  salt  was  taken  with  the  food.  On  this  day, 


RELATIONS    OF    LIKE  A    TO    EXERCISE.  89 

the  exercise  was  fifty-seven  miles;  but  it  was  on  this  day  that  Mr. 
Weston  broke  down,  and  was  forced  to  take  a  long  rest.  The 
chloride  of  sodium  for  this  day  was  reduced  to  28.78  grains 
(1.865  gramme),  nearly  56  per  cent,  below  the  average.  On 
the  next  day,  when  reaction  took  place,  the  salt  returned  to 
about  the  average.  In  view  of  the  disappearance  of  the  chlo- 
ride of  sodium  of  the  urine  in  certain  febrile  conditions,  this 
diminution  in  its  quantity  on  the  day  of  great  constitutional 
depression  is  interesting,  though  its  exact  significance  is  not 
apparent. 

Third  Period,  Five  Days  after  the  Walk. — The  varia- 
tions in  the  chloride  of  sodium  of  the  urine  during  this  pe- 
riod were  enormous.  The  smallest  quantity  was  on  the  first 
day,  when  it  was  66.41  grains  (4.303  grammes).  The  largest 
quantity  was  on  the  third  day,  when  it  was  622.58  grains 
(40.338  grammes).  The  quantity  of  urine  on  this  day  was 
84.18  fl  3  .  (2,490  c.  c.).  I  could  not  connect  these  variations 
with  the  diet,  or  with  the  salt  used  as  a  condiment,  which 
was  weighed  each  day,  and  varied  considerably.  The  only 
point  connected  with  the  daily  variations  during  this  period  is 
the  excessively  small  quantity  on  the  day  next  after  the  walk, 
when  it  was  only  66.41  grains  (4.303  grammes),  while  the  salt 
actually  used  as  a  condiment  on  that  day  was  65.62  grains 
(4.252  grammes). 

The  average  daily  quantity  of  chloride  of  sodium  of  the 
urine  for  this  period  was  312.40  grains  (20.241  grammes).  The 
nitrogenized  food  was  increased  30  per  cent,  over  the  average 
for  the  five  days  before  the  walk.  .  The  average  quantity  of 
salt  used  as  a  condiment  was  42  grains  (2.721  grammes),  an 
increase  of  nearly  22  per  cent,  over  the  average  for  the  five 
days  before  the  walk. 

Averages  for  the  Three  Periods. — The  averages  for  the 
three  periods  of  five  days  each  are  as  follows : 

First  period,  five  days  before  the  walk,  159.45  grains 
(10.331  grammes). 

Second  period,  five  days  of  the  w^alk,  65.08  grains  (4.217 
grammes). 


90  RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE. 

Third  period,  five  days  after  the  walk,  312.40  grains  (20.241 
grammes). 

These  averages  show  a  great  diminution  in  the  chloride  of 
sodium  of  the  urine  during  the  walk,  due  in  a  great  measure, 
undoubtedly,  to  a  diminution  in  the  quantity  of  salt  ingested. 
In  the  absence  of  exact  estimates  of  the  quantity  of  salt  intro- 
duced, it  is  impossible  to  state  definitely  the  influence  of  exer- 
cise on  its  elimination  by  the  kidneys.  Probably  it  is  di- 
minished, a  much  larger  amount  than  usual  being  eliminated 
by  the  skin.  An  argument  in  favor  of  this  view  is  the  small 
quantity  in  the  urine  the  day  next  after  the  walk,  when  a 
large  quantity  was  introduced  with  the  food. 

The  only  explanation  I  can  offer  of  the  great  increase  in 
the  chloride  of  sodium  during  the  five  days  after  the  walk  is 
in  the  larger  quantity  taken  with  the  food,  and,  possibly,  the 
cessation  of  the  influences  which  diminished  it  in  the  urine 
during  the  five  days  of  the  walk. 

Abnormal  Matters  in  the  Urine. 

There  is  very  little  to  be  said  with  regard  to  the  abnormal 
matters  discovered  by  microscopical  examination  of  the  uri- 
naVy  sediments.  During  the  first  period,  five  days  before  the 
walk,  there  was  a  constant  deposit  of  octahedra  of  the  oxalate 
of  lime.  During  the  second  period,  five  days  of  the  walk,  the 
oxalate  was  found  daily.  On  the  fifth  day  of  this  period,  in 
addition  to  the  oxalate,  there  was  a  small  quantity  of  the 
amorphous  phosphates.  The  oxalate  continued  during  the 
third  period,  five  days  after  the  walk,  with  the  exception  of 
the  fourth  day,  when  there  were  no  abnormal  matters.  On  the 
first  day  of  this  period,  the  sediment  contained,  in  addition  to 
the  oxalate,  amorphous  urates  in  small  quantity.  On  the  sec- 
ond and  the  third  day  of  this  period,  in  addition  to  the  oxalate, 
the  sediment  contained  crystals  of  uric  acid.  On  these  days,  the 
amount  of  uric  acid  in  the  urine,  as  determined  by  analysis, 
was  very  slight,  and  the  crystals  were  probably  due  to  increased 
acidity  of  the  urine.  I  can  offer  no  explanation  of  the  pres- 
ence of  any  of  these  crystals  in  the  urine,  nor  can  I  connect 
them  with  any  of  the  conditions  observed. 

On  the  second  and  the  third  day  of  the  third  period,  five 


RELATIONS    OF    UREA    TO    EXERCISE.  91 

days  after  the  walk,  the  urine  .  contained  a  trace  of  sugar. 
There  was  no  increase  in  the  amount  of  starchy  and  saccharine 
principles  in  the  food  on  these  days  to  account  for  the  sugar, 
the  presence  of  which  cannot  be  readily  explained. 

In  conclusion,  it  is  evident,  from  the  results  of  these  investi- 
gations, that  the  great  question  of  the  influence  of  muscular 
exercise  upon  the  elimination  of  nitrogen  can  be  accurately 
studied  only  by  comparing  the  nitrogen  of  the  food  with  that 
of  the  excretions ;  and  this  should  be  done,  if  possible,  upon  a 
perfectly  physiological  diet.  It  is  indispensable,  also,  to  extend 
the  experiments  over  periods  of  several  days  each ;  otherwise 
the  results  will  necessarily  be  confused  and  unsatisfactory.  The 
observations  with  regard  to  the  weight  and  various  other  condi- 
tions were  necessary  to  control  the  more  important  points  to 
be  considered.  The  great  amount  of  material  collected  and 
its  analysis  and  tabulation  have  involved  considerable  labor, 
which,  however,  has  been  rewarded  by  important  conclusions 
of  a  definite  and  positive  character. 

At  the  risk  of  presenting  to  the  reader  an  unattractive  mass 
of  statistics,  I  have  felt  it  my  duty  to  publish,  not  only  the 
general  facts  and  deductions,  but  the  exact  data  collected, 
arranged  in  a  form  that  may  be  useful  to  other  investigators. 
I  feel  confident  that  I  will  not  be  reproached  for  tediousness 
of  detail  by  those  who  are  interested  in  the  important  physio- 
logical questions  involved,  particularly  those  who  have  care- 
fully studied  the  literature  of  these  questions  for  the  past  few 
years. 


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